الفوركس التداول ويكيبيديا واندونيسيا و وأد

وسيكون ارتفاع أسعار السلع الغذائية اختبارا لاقتصاديات الكتب النصية. هل ارتفاع أسعار الذرة والقمح وفول الصويا والبن والكاكاو كبح الطلب وتحفيز المزيد من الإنتاج ويقدر عدد سكان العالم إلى 6.8 مليار وتزايد بمعدل 86 مليون في السنة. إن الاحترار العالمي يسبب الجفاف والجوع، مهما كان تشيني قد يجادل. ويؤدي ارتفاع أسعار النفط إلى زيادة تكلفة إنتاج المحاصيل. قد تصبح الري الضخمة في جنوب غرب الولايات المتحدة باهظة التكلفة. سوف تستفيد المستخدمين تيجرسوفت من الاتجاه الصاعد ينقش في السلع الأساسية، وخاصة الحبوب. ولكن الظلال الداكنة للجوع والمجاعة في العالم كلها حقيقية. مع سبب وجيه، والاقتصاد منذ فترة طويلة النظر سسينسكوت كوتديسمال. دراسة كتبها ديفيد بيمنتل. أستاذ علم البيئة في جامعة كورنيل، وماريو جيامبيترو، كبير الباحثين في المعهد الوطني للبحوث للأغذية والتغذية يحدد أقصى عدد من سكان الولايات المتحدة لاقتصاد مستدام في 200 مليون نسمة. ولتحقيق اقتصاد مستدام وتجنب الكوارث، يجب على الولايات المتحدة أن تخفض عدد سكانها بمقدار الثلث على الأقل، وأن يخفض عدد سكان العالم بمقدار الثلثين. تنمو بنفسك: يجب أن تكون البذور الغذائية العضوية، والتربة، والردع من الآفات العضوية جزءا من كل أسرة. وينبغي دائما إدراج البذور التي يمكن أن تنتج الغذاء على المدى القصير مثل الفاصوليا أو الفاصوليا والبرسيم وعشب القمح في مجموعات المواد الغذائية. يمكن زراعة البراعم في كميات صغيرة من التربة ويمكن أن تنتج الغذاء الصحي للغاية في أقل قدر ممكن من الوقت. وينبغي أن تحتوي إمدادات البذور على كل من الخضراوات والحبوب التي توفر مصادر غذائية طويلة الأجل أيضا. من خلال تعلم الزراعة المائية المهارات البستنة يمكنك أن تطمئن من القدرة على زراعة الغذاء حتى إذا تم تقديم التربة عديمة الفائدة تماما أو خطرة. سيكون من الحكمة أن تتعلم أن تنمو الأطعمة الخاصة بك. (المصدر: إزينيرتيكلسغريكولترال-كاراسور أند-Famineampid913288) توماس روبرت مالتوس (1766-1834) ينظر إلى المستقبل ديسمالي. يجب على السكان حتما إخراج الغذاء والموارد. الحروب والأوبئة والمجاعات هي طريقة طبيعية للتحقق من النمو السكاني. اقترح كوتالثوس أن الأسباب الطبيعية فقط (مثل الحوادث والشيخوخة)، والبؤس (الحرب، والأوبئة، والطاعون، وقبل كل شيء المجاعة) والنائب (والتي لمالتوس شملت قتل الأطفال والقتل ومنع الحمل والمثلية) يمكن أن تحقق النمو السكاني المفرط. في وقت لاحق، رأى مالتوس إمكانية ضبط النفس الأخلاقي (أي الزواج في وقت متأخر أو عدم الإهمال على الإطلاق، إلى جانب الامتناع عن ممارسة الجنس قبل الزواج وخارجه) كتحقق من نمو السكان. ومع ذلك، انتقده الكثيرون لكونهم يشيرون إلى أن ضبط النفس لا ينطبق إلا على الطبقات العاملة والفقيرة). وقال إنه اقترح الإلغاء التدريجي للقوانين السيئة التي لا تعطي حافزا على تحديد النسل. دعم بدلا من ذلك الخيرية الخاصة. (المصدر: en. wikipedia. orgwikiThomasMalthus) وجهات النظر مالثوس أدى مباشرة إلى الداروينية الاجتماعية من هربرت سبنسر. المجاعة هي طبيعتها طريقة التعشيب من الضعفاء، مملة والمرضى. سيكون هناك دائما الفقر. وينبغي أن يقبلها صانعو السياسات. منطقيا، لا ينبغي للمرء أن يعطي من الرحمة. فهو يتداخل مع الطبيعة والمصالح الذاتية الخاصة والثروة. كيسنجر 146s خطة مكافحة الإبادة الجماعية 1974 في 10 ديسمبر 1974، أكمل مجلس الأمن القومي الأمريكي تحت هنري كيسنجر دراسة سرية من 200 صفحة، 147 مذكرة دراسة الأمن القومي 200. الآثار المترتبة على النمو السكاني في جميع أنحاء العالم لمصالح الولايات المتحدة الأمنية والخارجية (148). ودفعت الدراسة بأن النمو السكاني في البلدان الأكثر فقرا كان تهديدا قويا للأمن القومي الأمريكي. وقد قبل الرئيس جيرالد فورد النظرية والاستنتاجات كسياسة رسمية في نوفمبر / تشرين الثاني 1975. ووضعت الخطة الوطنية لمكافحة الجراد الصحراوي 200 خطة سرية للحد من النمو السكاني في تلك البلدان من خلال تحديد النسل، وحتى الحرب والمجاعات. وكان برنت سكوكروفت، الذي حل محل كيسنجر مستشارا للأمن القومي (الذي كان يشغله سكوكروفت في إدارة بوش)، مسؤولا عن تنفيذ الخطة. وأمر مدير وكالة المخابرات المركزية جورج بوش لمساعدة سكوكروفت، وكذلك أمناء الدولة والخزانة والدفاع والزراعة. كانت الولايات المتحدة قلقة بشأن الاتحاد السوفيتي أو الصين. بل إن الهند وبنغلاديش وباكستان وإندونيسيا وتايلند والفلبين وتركيا ونيجيريا ومصر وإثيوبيا والمكسيك والبرازيل وكولومبيا كانت مصدر قلق خاص لأن ارتفاع عدد سكانها سيزيد من قوتها السياسية والاقتصادية والعسكرية النسبية. المجاعة أمر لا مفر منه للحد من هذه التوسعات السكانية، دعا كيسنجر السياسات التي تشجع أو تتطلب تحديد النسل يجب تقديم الغذاء إلى البلدان التي تفي بمعايير تحديد النسل. ولكن تدابير تحديد النسل لن تكون كافية. وقد تكون الاستثمارات الرأسمالية للري والبنية التحتية ومتطلبات المنظمة للتحسينات المستمرة في الغلات الزراعية أبعد من القدرة المالية والإدارية للعديد من أقل البلدان نموا (البلدان الأكثر فقرا). فبالنسبة لبعض المناطق التي تعاني من أشد الضغوط السكانية، هناك احتمال ضئيل أو معدوم بالنسبة إلى عائدات النقد الأجنبي لتغطية الواردات المتزايدة باستمرار من الأغذية. ومن المشكوك فيه ما إذا كانت البلدان المانحة للمساعدة سوف تكون مستعدة لتقديم نوع من المعونة الغذائية الضخمة التي تدعو إليها إسقاطات الواردات على أساس مستمر طويل الأمد. 148 وبالتالي، فإن المجاعة الكبيرة الحجم التي لم تشهدها عدة عقود (151) أ نوع العالم كان الفكر قد تم إلغاؤه بشكل دائم، وكان متوقعا، وسوف ينظر إليه مرة أخرى على نطاق واسع. (المصدر: نسك ستودي ميموراندوم - 4241974 wlymtextNSSM200.htm) التغير الحاصل يحدث بشكل أسرع مما توقعه أي شخص، وقد تكون عواقبه وخيمة لبقاء الحضارة في القرن الحادي والعشرين بسبب الفوضى التي سيسببها المجاعة والجفاف والكتلة وفقا لعالم بارز، جيمس لوفلوك، مخترع نظرية غايا. استمع. وستعاني أفريقيا أكثر من غيرها. وتعانى الصين بالفعل من أسوأ جفاف خلال خمسين عاما. الناس في جميع أنحاء جنوب أفريقيا ينحدرون من المعونة الغذائية. إيفيلينا مانجيولو في جنوب أفريقيا في جنوب أفريقيا لا يلقى الجفاف وارتفاع أسعار النفط إلا اللوم على فشل المحاصيل. وتعد موجات الحرارة والعواصف الشديدة والفيضانات عوامل. لذلك، هي إصابات الحشرات. النحل حيوي للتلقيح. لكنهم يختفيون بشكل غامض في هذه الأرقام المقلقة أن ستين دقيقة قاموا بقصة في يوم الأحد الماضي. وقد كان التعرض الطويل الأجل لمبيدات الآفات أكثر من اللازم بالنسبة لهم. الثورة الخضراء إن التقنيات المستخدمة في الفترة من 1950 إلى 1984 لإنتاج محاصيل الأرز والقمح الأكثر ثراء وأكثر مقاومة للحشرات واستخدام المزيد من أساليب الري والزراعة الزراعية قد أنقذت بلدان مثل الهند والمكسيك وباكستان وتركيا من المجاعة الواسعة النطاق. ولكن قد تكون قد بلغت ذروتها ولا يزال السكان يتزايدون. وقد تؤدي الآن إلى المشاكل الناجمة عن الاعتماد الشديد على مبيدات الآفات والري، أي انخفاض منسوب المياه، وتملح مصادر المياه للشرب وتلوثها. أنا شاشة الآلاف من الأسهم مع تيجرسوفت، ولكن في بعض الأحيان السلع التي تبرز. وقد ساهمت مخططات إتفس السلعية حقا في صعودها باستخدام معايير قراءات عالية جدا من مؤشر التراكم وقوة نسبية عالية عندما تتم مقارنة الأسعار بسوق الأسهم العامة كما يقاس مؤشر دجي. انظروا إلى القراءة العالية للغاية من مؤشر تراكم النمر لصناديق الاستثمار المتداولة التي تتيح شراء مجموعة من العقود الآجلة للسلع: دبا. دبك وأيضا غسغ دبا (الذرة والقمح وفاصوليا الصويا والسكر) في ديسمبر، ارتفع مؤشر تراكم النمر فوق 0.50، عتبة نستخدمها على بقعة كوتنسيدر خطيرة بايركوتوت. دبك (الضوء، النفط الخام الحلو، زيت التدفئة، الألومنيوم، الذهب، الذرة والقمح.) شراء من الداخل ضخمة لشهور وشهور. ولا بد من توقع ارتفاع الأسعار. (67 شركة استثمرت في الطاقة و 16 في الزراعة و 7 في المعادن الصناعية و 7 في الماشية و 3 في المعادن الثمينة). الذرة تصل إلى 540 من 320 منذ يوليو تموز. أعطى لدينا نهج تيجرسوفت تجارة السلع شراء في 380 في أكتوبر 2007 باستخدام القواعد التي ناقشتها مدونتنا في 7 أكتوبر. آخر انتفاخ إشارات تراكم شراء هنا. القهوة تصل إلى 160 من 100 منذ أبريل. أعطى نهج التداول سلعة تيجرسوفت شراء في 135 في ديسمبر 2007 باستخدام القواعد التي ناقشتها مدونتنا في 7 أكتوبر. آخر انتفاخ إشارات تراكم شراء هنا أيضا. الكاكاو يصل إلى 2600 من 1800 منذ أغسطس. أعطى نهج التداول سلعة تيجرسوفت شراء في 2200 في يناير كانون الثاني باستخدام القواعد التي ناقشتها مدونتنا في 7 أكتوبر. هذا يبدو صعودي جدا. فول الصويا يصل إلى 2600 من 1800 منذ أغسطس. أعطى نهج التداول سلعة تيجرسوفت شراء في 2200 في يناير كانون الثاني باستخدام القواعد التي ناقشتها مدونتنا في 7 أكتوبر. التلقائية شراء وقراءات تراكم عالية جعلت فول الصويا من السهل على الفور للحصول على تقدم كبير. يمكن الحيوانات أن تكون مثلي الحيوانات تفعل ذلك، لذلك it039s الطبيعية، والحق يمكن تلخيص المنطق وراء نظرية المثلية الحيوانية على النحو التالي: - السلوك المثلي يمكن ملاحظتها في الحيوانات . - يتم تحديد سلوك الحيوان من قبل الغرائز. - الطبيعة تتطلب الحيوانات لمتابعة الغرائز. - لذلك، المثلية هي وفقا للطبيعة الحيوانية. - بما أن الإنسان هو أيضا حيوان، يجب أيضا أن يكون المثلية وفقا للطبيعة البشرية. هذا الخط المنطقي غير مستدام. إذا كان العمل كوثوموسكسوالكوت على ما يبدو بين الحيوانات هي وفقا للطبيعة الحيوانية، ثم قتل الوالدين من ذرية والأنواع داخل تلتهم هي أيضا وفقا للطبيعة الحيوانية. جلب الرجل في المعادلة يعقد الأمور أكثر من ذلك. هل نحن نستنتج أن المبيد و أكل لحوم البشر وفقا للطبيعة البشرية في مقابل هذا الخط المنطقي، فإن هذه المادة تؤكد ما يلي: لا يوجد غرس مثلي للثدي في الحيوانات، و هو العلم الضعيف ليقتبس الدوافع البشرية و المشاعر في سلوك الحيوان، و غير عقلاني سلوك الحيوان ليس مقياسا لتحديد ما هو السلوك المقبول أخلاقيا للرجل العقلاني. لا يوجد كوتوهوسكسوال إنستينكتكوت في الحيوانات أي شخص يشارك في مراقبة الحيوان الأكثر الابتدائية يضطر إلى استنتاج أن كوثوموسكسوليتي الحيوان، كوت كوتليسليدكوت و كوتانيباليسمكوت هي استثناءات لسلوك الحيوان العادي. وبالتالي، فإنها لا يمكن أن تسمى الغرائز الحيوانية. هذه الاستثناءات الملحوظة لسلوك الحيوان الطبيعي تنتج عن عوامل تتجاوز الغرائز. - اشتباك المحفزات وغرائز الحيوانات الخلط لشرح هذا السلوك غير طبيعي، يجب أن تكون الملاحظة الأولى حقيقة أن الغرائز الحيوانية ليست ملزمة الحتمية المطلقة للقوانين المادية التي تحكم العالم المعدني. وبدرجات متفاوتة، يمكن لجميع الكائنات الحية أن تتكيف مع الظروف. أنها تستجيب للمؤثرات الداخلية أو الخارجية. ثانيا، الإدراك الحيوان هو الحسية بحتة، تقتصر على الصوت والرائحة واللمس والطعم والصورة. وهكذا، فإن الحيوانات تفتقر إلى الدقة والوضوح من الإدراك الفكري البشري. لذلك، كثيرا ما تخلط الحيوانات بين الإحساس مع آخر أو كائن واحد مع آخر. ثالثا، الحيوانات غريزة توجهها نحو نهايتها وهي تتفق مع طبيعتها. ومع ذلك، فإن دفعة عفوية من الدافع الغريزي يمكن أن تعاني التعديلات لأنها تدير مسارها. الصور الحسية الأخرى، والتصورات أو الذكريات يمكن أن تكون بمثابة محفزات جديدة تؤثر على سلوك animal039s. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن الصراع بين غريتين أو أكثر يمكن أن يعدل أحيانا الدافع الأصلي. في الإنسان، عندما تصطدم ردود فعل غريزية، الفكر يحدد أفضل مسار لمتابعة، والإرادة ثم يحمل غريزة واحدة في الاختيار مع تشجيع الآخر. مع الحيوانات التي تفتقر إلى الفكر والإرادة، عندما اشتبك النبضات الغريزية، واحدة الأكثر تفضيلا من قبل الظروف السائدة .4 في بعض الأحيان، هذه المحفزات الداخلية أو الخارجية التي تؤثر على الحيوانات039s النبضات الغريزية تؤدي إلى حالات مبيد الحشرات الحيوانية، كوتانيباليسمكوت و quothomosexuality. quot - - الحيوان كوتيفليسيدكوت و كوتانيباليسمكوت سارة هارتويل يفسر أن القطط تقتل القطط بعد تلقي الإشارات المختلطة من الغرائز: معظم القطط الإناث يمكن أن تتحول بين كوديبلاي مودكوت و كوثونت موديكوت من أجل عدم إيذاء ذريتهم. في تومكاتس هذا التحول من كوثونت مودكوت قد تكون غير مكتملة، وعندما تصبح مرتفعة للغاية من خلال اللعب، فإن غريزة كوثنتينغكوت حيز النفاذ وأنها قد تقتل القطط. غريزة الصيد قوية جدا، ومن الصعب جدا لإيقاف عندما فريسة موجودة، أن تقطيع وحتى تناول الأكل قد يترتب على ذلك. مقارنة حجم والصوت والنشاط من القطط مع حجم والصوت ونشاط الفريسة. هم على حد سواء صغيرة، لديها أصوات عالية النبرة والتحرك مع حركات سريعة وغير منتظمة. كل هذه السلوك الصيد الزناد. في القطيع، سلوك الأمهات لا يمكن دائما تجاوز السلوك الصيد ويعامل القطط في بنفس الطريقة تماما انه يعامل فريسة صغيرة. [5] فيما يتعلق بأكل لحوم البشر، تشير مجلة الطبيعة والحياة البرية في إيران إلى أن: أكل لحوم البشر هو الأكثر شيوعا بين الفقاريات والفقاريات السفلى، ويرجع ذلك في كثير من الأحيان إلى حيوان مفترس يخطئ أحد أنواعه الخاصة بالفرائس. إلا أنه يحدث أيضا بين الطيور والثدييات، وخاصة عندما يكون الغذاء شحيحا (6). الحيوانات تفتقر إلى الوسائل للتعبير عن دولها العاطفية من أجل تحفيز الغرائز وصراعها، يجب أن نضيف عاملا آخر: في التعبير عن دولها العاطفية، جذريا أدنى من الرجل. وبما أن الحيوانات تفتقر إلى أسباب، فإن وسائل التعبير عن دولها العاطفية (الخوف، والمتعة، والألم، والرغبة، وما إلى ذلك) محدودة. الحيوانات تفتقر إلى الموارد الغنية في التخلص من رجل للتعبير عن مشاعره. يمكن للرجل أن يتكيف مع طريقه في الكلام، والكتابة، والتحديق، وإيماءة بطرق لا توصف. الحيوانات لا يمكن. ونتيجة لذلك، الحيوانات في كثير من الأحيان التعبير عن دولهم العاطفية غامضة. إنهم يتكلمون عن ذلك، مظاهر غريزة التكاثر لإظهار غرائز الهيمنة، العدوانية، الخوف، الشذوذ، وما إلى ذلك. - شرح على ما يبدو كوثوموسكسولكوت سلوك الحيوان بونوبوس هي مثال نموذجي لهذا كوتبوروينغ. كوت هذه الرئيسيات من عائلة الشمبانزي الانخراط في السلوك الجنسي على ما يبدو للتعبير عن القبول وغيرها من الدول العاطفية. وهكذا، يقول فرانس ب. دي وال، الذي أمضى مئات الساعات مراقبة و تصوير بونوبوس: هناك سببان للاعتقاد بأن النشاط الجنسي هو الجواب bonobo039s لتجنب الصراع. أولا، أي شيء، وليس الطعام فقط، التي تثير مصلحة أكثر من واحد بوبوبو في وقت يميل إلى أن يؤدي إلى الاتصال الجنسي. إذا اثنين بونوبوس نهج مربع من الورق المقوى القيت في العلبة الخاصة بهم، وأنها سوف لفترة وجيزة جبل بعضها البعض قبل اللعب مع مربع. وتؤدي مثل هذه الحالات إلى تشاجر في معظم الأنواع الأخرى. ولكن البونوبوس متسامحون جدا، ربما لأنهم يستخدمون الجنس لتحويل الانتباه وتعميق التوتر. ثانيا، الجنس بونوبو غالبا ما يحدث في سياقات عدوانية تماما لا علاقة لها الطعام. رجل غيور قد مطاردة آخر بعيدا عن الأنثى، وبعد ذلك جمع شمل الذكور والانخراط في فرك كيس الصفن. أو بعد أن تضرب أنثى أحداثا، قد تندفع أمها الأخيرة إلى المعتدي، وهو عمل يتبعه مباشرة فرك الأعضاء التناسلية بين البالغين ([7]). وعلى غرار البونوبوس، فإن حيوانات أخرى ستحمل جنسا آخر من نفس الجنس وتنخرط في سلوك كوثوموسكسولكوت على ما يبدو ، على الرغم من أن دوافعهم قد تختلف. الكلاب، على سبيل المثال، وعادة ما تفعل ذلك للتعبير عن الهيمنة. ويوضح سيزار أديس، وأخصائي علم النفس وأستاذ علم النفس في جامعة ساو باولو بالبرازيل، عندما يربط بين اثنين من الذكور، ما هو موجود هو مظاهرة من السلطة، وليس الجنس. قوت 8 جاك لين شولتز، مدير العلوم الحيوانية أسكا مدير المشاريع الخاصة، ويوضح أبعد من ذلك: عادة، فإن كلب ذكر غير محايد سيحمل كلبا ذكريا آخر كعرض للهيمنة الاجتماعية - وبعبارة أخرى، كوسيلة للسماح للكلب الآخر بمعرفة رئيسه. ولئن كان الكلاب غير متكرر، فإنه قد يتصاعد لنفس السبب (9). كما أن الكلاب سوف تتصاعد بعضها البعض بسبب قوة رد فعلها الكيميائي البحت على رائحة الأنثى الأنثوية: ليس من المستغرب أن تكون رائحة كلب أنثى في الحرارة يمكن أن تحرض على جنون تصاعد السلوكيات. حتى الإناث الأخرى التي ليست في الحرارة سوف جبل أولئك الذين هم. سوف الذكور الذكور الذكور الذين كانوا للتو مع الإناث نتوء إذا ما زالوا يحملون رائحة. والذكور الذين قبض الرياح من رائحة نبت قد جبل أول شيء (أو شخص سيئ الحظ) أنها تتلامس مع 10 الحيوانات الأخرى الانخراط في سلوك كوثوموسكسولكوت على ما يبدو لأنها تفشل في تحديد الجنس الآخر بشكل صحيح. وكلما قلت الأنواع الموجودة في مملكة الحيوان، كلما ازدادت صعوبة الكشف عن الاختلافات بين الجنسين، مما أدى إلى حدوث ارتباك أكثر تواترا. - كوثوموسكسوالكوت الحيوانات لا توجد في عام 1996، اعترف عالم مثلي سيمون ليفاي أن الأدلة تشير إلى أعمال معزولة، وليس المثلية: على الرغم من السلوك المثلي شائع جدا في عالم الحيوان، يبدو أن من غير المألوف جدا أن الحيوانات الفردية لديها طويلة - الاستعداد المسبق للانخراط في مثل هذا السلوك لاستبعاد الأنشطة الغيرية. وهكذا، فإن التوجه المثلي، إذا كان يمكن للمرء أن يتحدث عن هذا الشيء في الحيوانات، ويبدو أن نادرة. على الرغم من المظاهر كوثوموسكسولكوت بعض السلوك الحيواني، وهذا السلوك لا ينبع من الغريزة كوثوموسكسوالكوت التي هي جزء من الطبيعة الحيوانية. الدكتور أنطونيو باردو، أستاذ أخلاقيات البيولوجيا في جامعة نافاري، إسبانيا، ويوضح: بشكل صحيح، لا توجد المثلية بين الحيوانات. ولأسباب البقاء على قيد الحياة، توجه الغريزة الإنجابية بين الحيوانات دائما نحو فرد من الجنس الآخر. ولذلك، فإن الحيوان لا يمكن أبدا أن يكون مثلي الجنس على هذا النحو. ومع ذلك، فإن تفاعل الغرائز الأخرى (ولا سيما الهيمنة) يمكن أن يؤدي إلى سلوك يبدو أنه مثلي. لا يمكن مساواة هذا السلوك مع المثلية الحيوانية. كل ما يعنيه هو أن السلوك الجنسي للحيوان يشمل جوانب أبعد من ذلك من التكاثر (12). وهو غير علمي ل كوتيدكوت الدافع البشري والمشاعر في السلوك الحيواني مثل العديد من الناشطين في مجال حقوق الحيوان، والناشطين المثليين في كثير من الأحيان يقتبسوا الدافع البشري والمشاعر في سلوك الحيوان. في حين أن هذا النهج أنثروبوباثيك يتمتع المواطنة الكاملة في مجالات الفن والأدب، والأساطير أنه يجعل لسوء العلم. الدكتور تشارلز سوكاريدس من الرابطة الوطنية للبحوث والعلاج من المثلية الجنسية (نارث) يلاحظ: 1: الدستور تأليف: إعادة ترسيخ نهاية العالم في شجرة الحياة قرار المعضلة الدينية للصراع المروع يكمن في سن الشيخوخة، والعمل بمثابة الكواكب الأوصياء من أجيال من تنوع الحياة. هذا هو الإنجاز الكوني لمعناينا في الحياة، في تحمل المسؤولية الكاملة عن أعمالنا في العالم وعواقبها على الحياة ككل. مقدمة: الوعي المستقبلي في عالم آفاق قصيرة الأجل تقريبا جميع المشاكل العالمية الخطيرة التي تواجه الكوكب، من تغير المناخ، من خلال تدمير الموائل لاستخدام الطاقة والموارد الطبيعية، والقدرة على تغذية ورعاية السكان المتزايدين في المستقبل، بقاءنا في المستقبل، هي قضايا طويلة الأجل مع مرور الوقت تتراوح بين عقود إلى قرون، آلاف السنين وحتى ملايين السنين. وفي حين أن التصدي للفقر العالمي ومساواة الموارد في الموارد يمكن أن يستغرق عقودا لتحقيق، حتى مع أفضل الإرادة، فإن تغير المناخ سيتسبب في ارتفاع مستويات المحيطات والتصحر التي من المرجح أن تستمر في تقليص المناطق الصالحة للأراضي لألف سنة قادمة. وسيؤدي فقدان التنوع في الأنواع إلى الإضرار بمواردنا الجينية الكوكبية على نطاق زمني منذ آخر انقراض جماعي يبلغ حوالي 65 مليون سنة. ولن يتم استرداد الكثير من هذه الخسائر. الشكل 1: أربعة سيناريوهات عالمية تتطلب حلولا عاجلة على المدى الطويل: (1) متوسط ​​درجات الحرارة المتوقعة في العالم في يوليو / تموز، مما يشير إلى فقدان إنتاج المحاصيل بسبب التغيرات في درجات الحرارة وهطول الأمطار (ناسا). (2) مناطق التنوع البيولوجي على قيد الحياة أربعة سيناريوهات مختلفة للاحترار العالمي (غرومبريدج 1992 بيوديفيريستي العالمية). (3) فقدان مساحة الأرض في ارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر 6 م (ويكيبيديا). ونظرا لوقت الاستجابة الطويل، فقد قدرنا أننا ملتزمون بالفعل بارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر بنحو 2.3 متر لكل درجة من درجات الحرارة خلال السنوات ال 2000 القادمة. ارتفاع درجة الحرارة من 3 درجات من شأنه أن يؤدي إلى ارتفاع 6.9m، ولكن ما يصل إلى 50M إذا صفيح الجليد الجليدي في القطب الجنوبي من أسفل. (4) يظهر الدخل القومي الإجمالي للفرد في العالم انتشار الفقر والوفرة في العالم. وتتطلب هذه المسائل عملا جماعيا على نطاق كوكبي وشعور بالوعي في المستقبل يمكن أن تزن الاحتياجات من العمل الكبير والمحتمل أن يكون مكلفا في الوقت الراهن، الذي لن تظهر آثاره ببطء إلا لأنها تراكمية على مدى أطول بكثير من الوقت والقدرة لتحقيق التوازن بين الأولويات الفورية والأهداف الطويلة الأجل. ومع ذلك، فإن كل الدلائل تشير إلى أنه مع تسارع وتيرة التغيير، تتقلص آفاقنا المستقبلية في اتجاه رد فعل سريع على التقصير في أي وقت مضى، حيث أن التكنولوجيا والاتصالات توفران طرقا أسرع للرد على تسارع التغيرات وعدم الاستقرار، التي تهيمن على إدارة الأزمات، فرص الاستثمار لدينا. لقد دخلنا عصر أصبح فيه من الواضح بوضوح أن المقياس الزمني لاتخاذ القرارات الرئيسية قد تقصر على حساب مستقبلنا الكوكبي الطويل الأجل. إننا نستنفد موارد غير متجددة استغرقت مئات الملايين من السنين لتتراكم في عقود من الزمن، مما عجل بالتغير المناخي الذي ستزداد آثاره سوءا لألف سنة والانقراض الجماعي لتنوع الحياة الذي يستنفد الموارد الحية الأجيال المقبلة لملايين السنين القادمة. وفي الوقت نفسه فإن آفاق الاستثمار لدينا تقصر من أي وقت مضى، سواء من حيث الإدارة الاقتصادية الوطنية والعالمية، ومن حيث ديناميات تجارة السلع والاستثمار إلى النقطة التي آفاق المستقبل تتطلع أكثر من ستة أشهر وتجارة السلع الخفيفة السرعة باستخدام خوارزميات الكمبيوتر على مقياس زمني من ميلي ثانية واحدة أصبحت القاعدة، مما تسبب في عدم الاستقرار مثل تحطم فلاش الذي تم مسح أكثر من ألف نقطة فجأة قبالة البورصة الأمريكية في بضع ثوان بسبب خوارزميات التداول الكمبيوتر المفترسة، فقط لاستعادة دقائق في وقت لاحق. الشكل 2: أعلى اليسار: زيادة عدم الاستقرار في تداول العملات الأجنبية على مدى عقدين من الزمن بسبب تسارع تجارة الكمبيوتر. أعلى: يمين فلاش تحطم. وشملت التفسيرات سمية تدفق النظام، وعمق النظام السوق وصافي حجم الشراء العدوانية، ولكن في نهاية المطاف نافيندر سينغ ساراو، واتهمت كونسوند هونسلوكوت مع الاحتيال الأسلاك والسلع، والتلاعب في السوق باستخدام برنامج التداول الآلي، كوتسبوفينغكوت الأسواق المالية باستخدام البرامج المتاحة تجاريا ل وضع 200M من الصفقات كاذبة. المخططات السفلى: المدى الذي أصبحت فيه الثروة العالمية محفورة بحفنة افتراضية لما يسمى بالنخبة العالمية (2018 أوكسفام). أغنى 85 شخصا في العالم يسيطرون على تريليون نسمة، كما أن الثروة التي يعاني منها النصف الأكثر فقرا من سكان العالم البالغ عددهم 7 مليارات نسمة. وتبلغ ثروة واحد في المائة من أغنى الناس في العالم 110 تريليون نسمة، أي 65 ضعفا مثل النصف الأكثر فقرا في العالم، ومن الواضح أن الوضع أصبح أكثر إنصافا بين عامي 1980 و 2018، كما يظهر الرسم البياني لليد اليمنى. وهذا ليس تقدما. أقصى اليمين الأيمن الأسي منحنى على شكل حرف L من الثراء المدقع المعروضة في مؤامرة لوغاريتمي للدخل الولايات المتحدة. الفائز يأخذ كل استثمار رأس المال الاستثماري وميله إلى التسبب في مأساة من المشاعات من خلال النضال من أجل الحصول على الموارد قبل منافس يمكن أن تفعل الشيء نفسه، ومعها حقوق الملكية الفكرية التي تمتد إلى نظام الجينات الطبيعية للكوكب لها تأثير على الدولية والدبلوماسية، وأساس الاتفاقات التجارية الرئيسية مثل الشراكة المحتملة عبر المحيط الهادئ (تب). وفي مثل هذا المناخ، فإن الاستثمارات القصيرة الأجل التي يمكن تحقيقها في الأجل القريب لها الأسبقية على الاستثمارات طويلة الأجل، والتي قد تكون نفسها غير مرغوبة من مكاسب قصيرة الأجل من المنافسين، بحيث في ما يسمى العصر المستنير، والإجراءات التحوطية طويلة الأجل الأساسية لدينا طويلة بقاء الجدوى والبقاء على قيد الحياة لا تحظى باهتمام ضئيل أو وضعت في سلة من الصعب جدا. وقد أصبح عجز البلدان الديمقراطية الأكثر تعليما وتطورا إلى حد ما عن الالتزام ببعض الاستراتيجيات الفعالة الطويلة الأجل، التي يمكن أن توازن بين النمو الاقتصادي القصير الأجل وبين بقاءنا في المستقبل على المدى الطويل، سمة مرضية لنظام انتخابي يتنافس فيه تتنافس الأطراف مع بعضها البعض لتعزيز الصراعات في كثير من الأحيان عاطفية للغاية من جدول الأعمال التي سوف تخدم أهدافها على المدى القصير، وتستهدف كل دورة الانتخابات القادمة، إلى التخلي، أو حتى إنكار صريح، من القضايا الخطيرة على المدى الطويل التي يمكن أن تضر الرفاه في المستقبل أجيال قادمة. كيف يحدث هذا الوضع هل هو وظيفة لفشل الذكاء البشري للتعامل مع قضايا مفهومة تماما في الكتلة، أم أنها نتاج شيء أعمق مع كيفية ظهور الثقافات من نموذج تطوري، والتي حتى وقت قريب الحفاظ على الاستقرار على المدى الطويل من خلال الحفاظ على جيل من جيل من الأنماط الاجتماعية تشكيلها إلا من خلال تغييرات تدريجية على المستوى الجيني من خلال الطفرة والانتقاء الطبيعي على مدى أجيال عديدة. الشكل 3: أحدث التنبؤات عالية الدقة تظهر أي علامة على النمو السكاني الذروة بحلول عام 2100. اليسار: اتجاهات السكان في العالم في أحدث دراسة عام 2018 تظهر تقديرات ثقة عالية من سكان العالم المتنامية من الحالية من 7 مليار إلى 11 مليار بحلول عام 2100 مع عدم وجود علامة على انخفاض (10 و 5 اختلافات في الألوان الداكنة). الیمین: النمو في القارة مع عدم إکمال أفریقیا للحد من النمو السکاني (جيرلاند P إت آل. 2018 الاستقرار العالمي في العالم من غیر المرجح أن یکون ھذا القرن قریبا: 10.1126 العلم 1257469). وهذا يدل على أن النمو السكاني غير المقيد يقتصر إلى حد كبير على أفريقيا، مع استقرار قارات أخرى وبعض البلدان التي تعاني من انخفاض السكان بسبب انخفاض معدلات الخصوبة. إنزيت ليفت: معدلات الخصوبة الحالية لدى الأطفال لكل امرأة. وفي نفس الوقت الذي يصل فيه عدد سكان العالم إلى مستويات محتملة لا يمكن تحملها من حيث إمدادات الغذاء والطاقة، مما عجل بتدمير البرية الطبيعية لإنتاج زراعي واسع النطاق، أصبحت معدلات التكاثر البشري غير مستقرة إلى حد كبير. وقد أدى ظهور وسائل منع الحمل الهرمونية إلى الطلاق بين الجنس والإنجاب مما أدى إلى تثقيف السكان العلمانيين والمتعلمين بشكل خاص النساء ذكريات عدم إعادة إنتاج لصالح عملهن ومهنهن. وعلى النقيض من ذلك، يحاول أتباع الدين المتحفظون، مدفوعون بالمذاهب البطريركية، أن يكفلوا لحملهن في كل فرصة أن يتخلى عنها، وأن يوسع من القوة الطوباوية لهيمنتهن الدينية والأفراد المحرومين وغير الملائمين الذين يفشلون في إدارة وسائل منع الحمل، تتكاثر دون هوادة في عصر تقلل فيه العلوم الطبية بشكل كبير الحدود الطبيعية لوفيات الرضع في جميع الاقتصادات الأكثر حرمانا. والنتيجة النهائية هي سلسلة من المفارقات التطورية حيث يميل الناس الأكثر قدرة إلى تولد أنفسهم من الوجود، في حين أن القطاعات الأقل حظا والأكثر دينية تقليدية في المجتمع تتكاثر في مسار غير مقيد نسبيا. فالعديد من البلدان المتقدمة النمو، من ألمانيا إلى اليابان، تفشل في الاستعاضة عن سكانها الحاليين، ومن المرجح أن تتغلب عليها تدريجيا الثقافات الفرعية للمهاجرين، في حين تزداد اكتظاظ البلدان مثل مصر والهند. هذه الصورة تثير تساؤلات أساسية حول كيفية حصول المجتمع البشري على هذا الوضع وكيف يمكننا أن نتعلم من هذه الأحداث لتطوير ثقافة مستدامة تحترم الحريات الفردية وحرية الخيارات الإنجابية من كلا الجنسين بطريقة هي أيضا بما يتفق مع تطورنا المستقبلي كنوع وبقاء كوكبنا كنوع وثقافة. ظهور الإنسان والنموذج التطوري إذا نظرنا إلى أصولنا البشرية ومجتمعات أنواعنا الشقيقة، يمكننا أن نرى أن الاستقرار في العصور التطورية يتم الحفاظ عليه من خلال العملية الوراثية. أسد الغزال وقرش لها الشكل والسلوك الذي يفعلونه لأنه، على مدى أجيال لا تعد ولا تحصى، تم إصلاح تغييرات صغيرة على جيناتها من خلال الطفرة والميزة الانتقائية في النموذج الذي يحافظ على خلاف ذلك النمط الجيني ومعها سلوكهم الاجتماعي من جيل إلى جيل. وبالتالي فإن العملية التطورية تراكمية على مقياس زمني قابل للمقارنة للتغير المناخي الجيولوجي والطبيعي. القرش لا يتحول إلى نورس البحر في الجيل القادم ولا غزال إلى أسد. أكبر التغيرات التي نراها من جيل إلى جيل هي فرق - زيادة صغيرة في حجم زعنفة للأسماك الطين مسكن لأنها تتحرك من البحر على الأرض على مدى أجيال عديدة، أو منشأة أكبر مع الحديث وفهم الكلام. تتقاسم المجتمعات الحيوانية العديد من الميزات مع المجتمعات البشرية. على سبيل المثال الشمپانزي مثل البشر هم من الإناث عار، مع الإناث تتحرك للانضمام إلى الفرق الأبوية تتكون من الأفراد الذكور ذات الصلة، التي يهيمن عليها ألفا الذكور. وخلافا للبشر، فإن الإناث الشمبانزيات صاخبات بشكل علني ورفيقها في بثور مع جميع ونثرية من فرقة منزلهم وذلك لتجنب قتل الأطفال. ومع ذلك، مثل البشر، سوف الإناث أيضا تزاوج على الجانب مع شركاء من اختيارهم في رحلات السفاري عندما تكون خارج عن الطعام حصرا في الغابة. وهكذا، فإن مجتمعات القرود تحافظ على نموذج تناسلي لا يختلف عن جماعات البشر - الصيادين من الأفراد ذوي الصلة. يتعلمون أشكال من استخدام أداة ل اصطياد النمل الأبيض مع العصي ومجموعة التعاونية الصيد لفريسة أصغر. وهي تشكل كلا من التسلسل الهرمي للقوى والائتلافات التعاونية وتعبر عن دعم الرفاق الموثوق بهم والقصاص للأفراد الذين هددوا أمنهم أو هاجموا ذريتهم. غير أن شكل المجتمع متأصل في النموذج الإنجابي وفي المنافذ الإيكولوجية الراسخة لهذا النوع في صيده وصيده وحمايته من الحيوانات المفترسة الأكبر حجما. إن الهيمنة النسبية للذكور في مجتمع الشمپانزي يمكن أن تتناقض مع مجتمع البونوبو، حيث تمارس الإناث المهيمنة التأثير على ائتلاف من الإناث اللواتي يحافظن على عدوان الذكور في الشيك، مع اكتساب شاب صغير مركزه من خلال والدته وكل من الأنثى والإناث فإن الانخراط الجنسي بين الذكور والإناث هو وسيط عالمي للتوتر يمكن أن تحدث فيه العلاقة الحميمة بين الأنثى والإناث أكثر من سبع مرات من الجماع الجنسي بين الجنسين. الشكل 4: الأدلة من التطور الجنسي البشري يعني أن الاختيار الإنجابي للمرأة كان محوريا في ظهور ثقافة الإنسان والذكاء الفائق. Lower center: The human female makes one of the greatest parenting investments of all mammal species in a pregnancy which comes at great risk because of the large human babys head. She is also highly vulnerable. It is thus essential for her to be selective about who she gets pregnant with to ensure enough support and protection. Female sexual characteristics include voluptuous breasts, not shared by the apes, and an hour-glass physique emphasizing her fecundity. Unlike the overt ape estrus, human females are permanently sexually receptive, except perhaps during menstruation, have clandestine ovulation and display lunar-coupled menstrual synchrony (lower left). It has been suggested this was linked to granting of sexual favours for meat. It was noted in 19 th century South Africa that Bushmen were driven to steal cattle to satisfy their womens demands for meat for sex. The related Sandawe have a fertility rite called phekumo resembling the San eland dance of menarche, fig 5, in which the women twerk their buttocks at the men in the full moon. All these factors imply that in early human societies, female coalitions, who provided 85 of the diet through gathering, were astute in their sexual choices of men who were skilled hunters who provided meat for pregnancy, while also being resourceful and entertaining partners. Top-left: The human vagina and clitoris is ecstatically orgasmic, providing human females with an ultra-sensitive measure of how intimate they feel with a sexual partner. Top right: The human penis, by contrast with the muscular bony ones of the chimp and bonobo (illustrated) are larger and entirely tumescent, requiring both virility and good communication - a genuine evolutionary indicator of fitness evolved through sexual selection by the female. Lower-right female bonobos have an enlarged clitoris and mediate tensions by frequent orgasmic sex with both sexes. The evidence from our own sexual evolution suggests that the large tumescent human penis, which differs from the more voluntary muscular boned penises of apes has been selected as a genuine indicator of fitness by human female reproductive choice, and that the ecstatically orgasmic clitoris, perpetual sexual receptiveness, expanded fatty breasts and hour-glass torso indicating nubile fecundity, concealed estrus making it hard for a male to know when a female is ovulating, and lunar phased menstrual synchrony are human features of sexual selection demonstrating the key role of female reproductive choice and female coalitions in the emergence of Homo sapiens as a super-intelligent culture-forming species. With the advent of human culture, cumulative genetic change has given way to much more rapid changes. While we share 98 of our DNA with chimps although splitting from their line around five million years ago. About 1.5-2 million years ago Homo erectus emerged and by 500,000 years ago we find the divergence of Homo sapiens and Neanderthal and Denisovan lines. We can also see back 150,000 years to founding forms of human culture with the mitochondrial division of the San Bushmen into two lines separated by the arid Kalahari between 150,000 years ago and about 70,000 years. The discovery of shell ornaments and ochre dating back a similar period, along with evidence of ceremonial cave use, shows humans of the time valued their beauty and fecundity and had already entered the cultural era. However, like chimpanzee and bonobo societies, these early forms of human culture remained highly attuned to the ecological niches of their natural environment, in which the females contributed 85 of the diet through astute gathering, while the males hunted game as meat in return for sexual favours, displaying their targeting prowess, complementing their musical and story-telling skills around the campfire. Fig 5: Top left: Scored ochre block. Blombos (c 77,000). Pea-sized Nassarius kraussianus shells pierced and showing wear from leather thongs ( Blombos cave c 75,000). Second row: Hundreds of small scale-like carvings on a snake-shaped rock along with 70,000-year-old spearheads nearby from a cave in the Tsodilo Hills of Botswana, sacred to the local San people, who call it the Mountain of the Gods, has dramatically pushed back the earliest evidence for religious ritual behavior. Center: Genographic project study of mitochondrial origins shows a deep split separating Khoisan mitochondrial inheritance from other groups, including those migrating out of Africa, and a deep division between two Khoisan types L0k () and L0d () going back 140,000 years, suggesting a separation of some 100,000 years possibly caused by long term drought in Africa (Behar et al. 2008 The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity doi :10.1016 j. ajhg.2008.04.002). Right: Fulton cave drawing 1000 BC celebrating the first menstrual rite, Drakensberg Mountains, Natal (van der Post). The central figure is a young robed woman undergoing her first menstruation ceremony in a special shelter. Circling her are clapping women, female dancers and (in the outer ring) men with their hunting equipment. Two figures hold sticks the women bend over and display tails as they imitate the mating behaviour of elands. Among living San, such rituals are intimately connected with success in hunting. Each male figure has a bar across his penis, suggesting abstinence associated with menstruation valued for hunting luck. The surrounding figures, are all bending over, their buttocks playfully thrust in the direction of the menstruating girl. Left lower row: These details match those still practiced by San and related groups in he eland dance of menarche. The San have preserved their gatherer-hunter culture throughout this long period partly because their reproduction rates have maintained parity with existing population sizes, through measures such as prolonged breast-feeding, which tends to suppress ovulation, and through forms of gathering and hunting which depend on taking from the natural environment, through ones knowledge of plant diversity and hunting skills, only those resources required to keep the existing population fed. While the San currently live on arid land in the semi-desert, which takes great skill and effort to eke out a surviving diet, eight thousand years ago they occupied more fertile lands across the southern half of Africa, yet the deep trenches in their mitochondrial diversity attest to an almost static population living off gatherer-hunting in a stable ecological paradigm over periods of a hundred thousand years. Moreover San peoples show many archetypes of features we might often associate with modern emancipated culture, individual autonomy and even spiritual attainment. They are loath to censure their children because they need to be able to grow up resourceful in an environment where individual prowess and good social judgment is essential. While they are nominally patriarchal and have male elders, it is traditional for a young woman delivering her first child to do so with the maternal family. They celebrate menarche as a sacred rite of power and significance to the whole group in a manner also depicted in cave paintings lasting back thousands of years. While they are skilled hunters with potent poisons that can kill a man or large beast even using a small dart, they mitigate personal violence through living in small partially related bands in which emotional or physical violence is quickly reacted to. Although men will mistreat women, women are able to make choices about whom they care to be with in a manner not unlike the hard-won gains of women in modern culture. They share a mystic experience in the trance dance and have religious notions of a creator deity and a deity of misfortune, along with shadowy sexual consorts, whom they regard in philosophical terms, without slavishly worshipping them, and share a concept of the afterlife not unlike those of the theological notions of major world religions. It is thus clear that human culture emerged as an extension of ecologically attuned animal sociobiology and that well into the cultural era, and the development of language, this attunement continued through the ethos of gatherer-hunter culture which sought to survive in the natural environment by consuming only what it could sustain to feed a small human population, without straining it to the point of depleting the natural supply. Founding Civilizations, Religion and the Patriarchal Reproductive Imperative However with the advent of agriculture, triggered by discoveries by the female gatherers and animal husbandry as an extension of hunting, the emphasis shifted to intervening in the environment and ecology on a massive scale. We then enter a period of rapid change, in which the time scales of evolutionary and geological change become disrupted by vastly more rapid cultural changes. Spoken languages diversify rapidly and written languages emerge on a time scale of transformation vastly faster than evolutionary change. Cultures and civilizations rise and fall even more rapidly due to conflict between populations as new resources are exploited. Agriculture and animal husbandry resulted in a sudden ballooning of human populations, expanding tribal bands to become our early civilizations. although the evidence of deficiency diseases points to a qualitative reduction in human dietary health, and denser populations became subject to the emergence of epidemic diseases. This also had major repercussions for social stability. As populations grew, so did the conflicts between burgeoning societies, leading to increasing militarization and the formation of male armies, which could protect a large population against invasion, but also served to repress social unrest internally in favour of dominant male leaders. The biological basis of morality is a reduction of intra-social strife through foregoing individual advantages over one another so that a society can maintain internal vitality and dominance in the event of inter-social conflicts. As urban societies grew, the cycle and pace of inter-social conflict increased, setting the process into overdrive, with large empires from Assyria and Rome, to the later conquests of leaders such as Genghis Khan. Such leaders almost without exception used their power to enhance their own reproductive dissemination. Currently around one in 200 people worldwide share the Y-chromosome of Genghis Khan, and up to 8 in wide areas of Central Asia, due to he and his next two generations of male heirs siring a hugely disproportionate number of offspring. Likewise Udayama was said to keep 16,000 virgins behind flaming walls (R577, R735 99) and Solomon had seven hundred wives of royal birth and three hundred concubines (1 Kings 11:3). In this sense, monarchy is and has always been a reproductive paradigm intended to be dynastic and pass on sovereignty to the royal line. The same hierarchical reproductive paradigm applies to rule by a clan strongman and to feudal rule by a local military land-holder. Recent genetic evidence points to a massive change in the reproductive paradigm across all cultures and continents, from the establishment of agriculture 10,000 years ago. Only 3 of mammals are socially monogamous due to the females delivering live young and having a principal reproductive investment in parenting, while males have a principal investment in fertilization. The variance in male reproductive success is thus always much greater than that of females, due to male competition for reproductive success among the available females, all of whom can get pregnant unless they are physically infertile. And social monogamy means just that, not reproductive or genetic monogamy. In socially monogamous species, from the albatross to the prairie vole, where circumstances favour a parenting resource from both sexes, females exert reproductive choice through clandestine sex with other males of superior genetic fitness as the opportunity arises, because, given the much greater parental investment of the female, it is counterproductive in evolutionary terms for females to literally put all their eggs in one resourcing partners basket. Humans share with such species a pattern where between 10 and 20 of offspring, allegedly of the resource-bearing partner, are sired by another male. Although humans do show traits of strong pair bonding, and mutual partner choice as a function of the need of human infants for full-time care up to the age of about four, when they become socially and physically competent enough to fend for themselves as active members of an extended family, female reproductive choice is essential for the long-term viability of the human germ line because astute female choice of which male to entrust their huge parenting investment to is key to maintaining the mammalian XY based sexual selection, where the male has a single X and thus manifests the X-linked genes, many of which are involved in brain function in a unique pattern unmasked by the paired alleles of female double X. Astute female reproductive choice thus plays a pivotal role in evolutionary selection. Humans and most traditional human cultures still share mammalian features of polygyny if a male has the prowess and resources to support (or even seduce) more than one female to reproduce with him, he will do so. Thus in such societies around one in eight men have two wives. In Western culture serial monogamy also serves as a clandestine form of polygyny, with men seeking new younger nubile partners to sire a second family with on divorcing their original wives whom they will generally have already had children with. Fig 6: Reproductive bottleneck in Y-chromosome diversity began about 10,000 years ago and continued for several millennia ( Karmin M et al. 2018 A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture (doi :10.1101 gr.186684.114). Because of these factors, over all time in human genetic emergence, from our last common human ancestors, the mitochondrial Eve dating back 176,000 years and Y-chromosome Adam dating back some 73,000 years (Wilder et al. doi:10.1093molbevmsh214), one can verify a sexual reproduction ratio of around one reproducing male to every two females, with half of the males failing to find reproductive partners. This leads to manifest differences between the evolutionary trees of the Y-chromosome carried only down the male line, and the mitochondrial DNA carried only through the ovum of the mother to her children. However, with the emergence of agriculture and animal husbandry, the reproductive sex ratios became wildly skewed to a value o f 17:1 over the entire period from 10,000 years ago to around 4,000, so that powerful agricultural landlords had their pick of an average of 17 female reproducing partners, while the other men effectively had no offspring, existing only as slaves, serfs, or soldiers maintaining the military domination of the mighty lords. The result was a precipitous decline in Y-chromosome diversity unparalleled in mitochondrial evolution that became apparent only when extensive genetic studies of many populations were completed in 2018. Neither is the effect confined to one historical culture, but extends to very degrees of severity across all the populated continents of the planet, confirming this has been a species-wide phenomenon, as shown in fig 6 (Karmin et al. doi:10.1101gr.186684.114). Human cultures have been predominantly of patriarchal chimpanzee-like patrilinial pattern, in which a woman moves to her husbands locale, and joins his patrilineal line, however there have also been significant matriarchal cultures, following a more bonobo-like paradigm, in which women remain with the maternal family, sometimes having only transient encounters with their partners as lovers, in a so-called walking marriage, while maternal uncles act as surrogate fathers. The root reason this became an issue of violent conflict, as we shall see, is not just that men like to live with their wives in conjugal intimacy, but the uncertainty that comes from men never being sure who their offspring really are, while a woman is absolutely certain that each natural born child that comes out of her womb is hers. Thus while jealousy in a woman is primarily about losing her relationship resourcing, jealousy in a man evokes potentially homicidal emotions because he fears his partner has been polluted by another mans sperm and may give borth to a child who is not his. Paternity certainty is the probability that you are your childrens father. At the critical figure of 13 the following two calculations for patriarchal and matriarchal societies are equal: 1. You are therefore related to your own children by (12)(13) (16), since if you were certain you were the father and half your childs genes come from the mother, the value is 12. 2. Your relatedness to your quotfullquot sister is at least 14 (representing your common mother) plus 14 (your putative common father) times the paternity certainty of 13, totaling 14 (14)(13) 13. Since you thus share 13 of your genes with your sister and she provides 12 the genes of her children, you are related to her Children by (12)(13) 16. Thus patriarchal societies enforce marriage to a husband to try to ensure paternity certainty is as close as possible to 1 even though this comes at the expense of curtailing female reproductive choice. There is clear evidence for early violent conflict between these two traditions in the founding civilizations of the Fertile Crescent. The Book of Genesis notes that polygynous Jacob had to tarry for seven years for each wife with Labans maternal family before being ordained by God to depart with Rachel and Leah and his cattle to found the twelve patriarchal tribes of Israel. Rachel steals the maternal teraphim (house gods) and hides them under her menstrual skirt when Laban comes to search for them, confirming the women have made the transition to religious patriarchy. This is followed by a homicidal warning in Judges 19, that matrilineal patterns were to be violently overthrown by a zealous patriliny. The concubine of Bethlehem-Judah is accused of whoring by going back to live with her father-in-law for four months. When the Levite returns to claim her, the father-in-law keeps saying to stay a little longer for six days, nigh on a week. When the couple leave and turn in at Gibeath of the Benjaminites. men of Belial ask to know the man within. In an attempt to avoid sodomy, the host offers his daughter, to which they refuse. The Levite then offers his concubine. She is raped and abused all night and dies on the doorstep, while her master sleeps peacefully. The story is a glaring affront to those matriarchal traditions, which expected the son-in-law to stay with the wifes family as Jacob did. He then cuts her in twelve pieces and sends them to all the coasts of Israel setting off the Benjaminite wars. These are finally resolved in moving four hundred virgins of Jabesh - Gilead to their husbands homes, capped by the abduction of the daughters of Shiloh dancing at a festival, to satisfy the remaining Benjaminite men. Religions in successive cultures have acted to reinforce the patriarchal reproductive paradigm, to ensure male control of female reproductive choice and the hyper-fertility of the religious community. While the Code of Hammurabi ordains drowning for adultery, but allows for forgiveness, Deuteronomic law invokes the cruel and unusual punishment of stoning: 22:20 But if this thing be true, and the tokens of virginity be not found for the damsel: Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her fathers house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones that she die. 22:23 If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her Then ye shall bring them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with stones that they die the damsel, because she cried not, being in the city. Islam has taken this homicidal tradition, which had centuries before been discontinued by the Jews, and applied it to Muslims as well: Narrated Abdullah bin Umar: The Jews brought to the Prophet a man and a woman from among them who had committed adultery. The Prophet said to them, quotHow do you usually punish the one amongst youquot They replied, quotWe blacken their faces and beat them, quot He said, quotYou have told a lie Bring here the Torah and recite it if you are truthful. quot So the Prophet ordered the two adulterers to be stoned to death, and they were stoned to death near the place where biers used to be placed near the Mosque. I saw her companion bowing over her so as to protect her from the stones. To this day women suffer this diabolical form of torture and homicide at the hands of Muslim men, buried to their waists and slowly knocked to pieces. These crimes against women and against the sanctity of all humanity occur both in Sunni countries such as Saudi Arabia and in Shiite Iran. They are an unforgivable stain on the Muslim tradition, which has an endless river of blood of women on its hands throughout history. It is compounded by patriarchal tribal customs enshrined in the Quran and more restrictively in dubious hadith, that a woman is only half the value of a man in law and that women have to be veiled because their bodies are almost entirely sexual pudenda seductive enough to corrupt all men, to be confined to the home and sequestered by their male relatives to avoid any chance of them being impregnated. Honour killings abound if a woman so much as touches a man of her own choice. Fig 7: Islam is unique among world religions for invoking violent and homicidal penalties for non-lethal and sometimes harmless offences to society, completely inconsistent with its claim to be a religion of peace. Left: Genocide and sexual slavery. Seven hundred Jews were beheaded in the souk of Medina, despite not actually betraying the Muslims to the Meccan Quraysh, and their womenfolk taken into sexual slavery, after Muhammad appointed a mortally wounded fighter as judge over their fates. Right: Both Shiite Iran and Sunni Afghanistan are among several Muslim countries that stone women to death for alleged adultery. Both apostasy and so-called crimes against God incur the death penalty making it difficult or impossible for a Muslim to switch out. Center: Muslim women are required to cover themselves, sometimes including their eyes and entire face, because Muslim culture fears unveiled women are too sexually attractive. They are sequestered and in many countries not allowed to associate socially without a male member of their family chaperoning them. The world needs to consider whether such homicidal crimes against humanity can be allowed to continue as an institutional manifestation of freedom of religion. This severity of repression of women and reproductive female choice has to be understood historically in glaring contrast to the fact that Mecca and its surrounding centers such as Taif were places of worship of the goddesses, al-Lat, Manat and al Uzza. Meccan culture before Islam respected both religious diversity and womens status. This shows claims that Islam improved the lives of women to be a strategic deception. In fact women were killed or maimed for opposing the Muslim take over, as Nawal el Sadaawi in quotThe Naked Face of Evequot attests: quotSarah was a famous slave singer who aimed her barbed words against the Moslems. She was among those whom Mahomet ordered to be executed on the day of his victorious entry into Mecca. In the region of El Nagir. it was recounted that some women had rejoiced when the Prophet died and Abu Bake, the first of the Caliphs, ordered their hands and feet to be cut off. Thus women who dared to give voice to their protest or opposition could be exposed to cruel punishment. Their hands might be cut off, or their teeth pulled out, or their tongues torn from their mouths. This last form of punishment was usually reserved for those who were singers. It was said of these women that they used to dye their hands with henna, brazenly display the seductions of their beauty, and beat time with their fingers on tambourines and drums in defiance of God, and in derision towards the rights of God and his Prophet. It was therefore necessary to cut off their hands and tear out their tonguesquot. According to al - Tabari Muhammad had already murdered Om Kerfa (Mother of Kerfa ), one of the most revered Meccan matriarchs who was torn in half by camels at the age of 90 for writing poetry ridiculing him: quotMother of Kerfa married a prince of the tribe of Hathifa and bore for him 13 children the first of whom was Kerfa by whom she is surnamed. All her children became leaders of their tribes. She was the dearest of all Arabs, and an example of honor and pride to them. It was said if two tribes fought and Mother of Kerfa sent her scholl on a spear that was displayed to both parties, then they would reconcile out of respect for her. She used to annoy the prophet with her poetry so in the sixth year of the Hijra (638 AD) he sent Zaid son of Haritha on a military expedition to kill her in the most heinous of ways. For he tied her legs with ropes and tied each of the ropes to a camel so that she was split in two. She was an old woman when this happened and her head was severed as proof to all that she had died. quot Although Judaism still adheres to the biological reality that a person is a Jew by birthright only if their mother is Jewish, Jewish culture nevertheless has subjected women to severe ritual confinement. The second chapter of Genesis, although beginning in the Edenic garden of gatherer-hunter integration with nature, casts a shadow of sexual guilt over the entire female sex, because Eve - the mother of all living - enticed Adam to eat the forbidden fruit of the knowledge of good and evil, when assured by the serpent that it would make one wise, so that they both became conscious of carnal knowledge and covered themselves with fig leaves. Yahweh then withdraws the Tree of Life and shuts them out of primal paradise with a flaming sword, to sweat in agricultural struggle - quotThorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee and thou shalt eat the herb of the fieldquot - with woman to be ruled over by her husband and to go travail in the pain of childbirth. Nevertheless, the central command of God is quotgo forth and multiplyquot. A woman thus takes an intermediate position in the Commandments between a mans house and cattle: Thou shalt not covet thy neighbours house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbours wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbours. quot Note however that the commandment to honour ones parents is not simply a dictate for obedience to authority, but an insightful statement about how inter-generational consciousness engenders an enduring life process through the passage of the generations, central to this articles thesis: Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. Christianity has taken up on the theme of the Fall from Eden, to accuse women of being the devils gateway, placing all humanity in the shadow of original sin, with women to be seen but not heard in the church, and priests of the Catholic tradition being required to be celibate men. It regards sex as purely to reproduce and that pleasure outside fertilization is sinful, and treats contraception as a crime against God. It has enforced monogamous marriage and outlawed divorce in the shadow of Jesus statement: quot Have ye not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male and female - for this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one flesh What therefore God hath joined together, let no man put asunder. quot However this does not imply monogamy. Jewish midrash claims that Eve of Genesis 2 was Adams second wife, while the woman made female with him in Genesis 1 was Lilith, who took flight when he insisted she take the missionary position in subservience to him. These biased reproductive traditions extend to many other patriarchal cultures, from Hindu India, where wives were expected to throw themselves on their husbands funeral pyre in the rite of Suttee, and brides are regularly burned to death over the dowry, through China where womens feet were bound and a wifes principal task was to be subservient and produce a son for the family line, to the Warrior cultures of the Americas, where, among some tribes, such as the Yanomamo, up to 20 of women are forcibly abducted and have to bear the burden of hard physical work, and to countries from Egypt to Sierra Leone, where girls are genitally mutilated to cut off the source their their ability to enjoy sex to ensure they will remain faithful. An estimated 130 million women, averaging 6000 a day have undergone sexual mutilation. Fig 8: Left: Female genital mutilation in Muslim Egypt where 75 of women are mutilated. Right: Bride burning in India. Contrast between ages of female burning victims in the UK and India, where there is a huge peak at marriageable age, shows the cumulative affect of bride burning, which involves around 25,000 deaths a year. a three times higher per-capita rate then th UK. Between 1994 and 2001 the proportion of burned women in postmortems rose from 12 to 30. How sad it is to be a woman Nothing on earth is held so cheap. No one is glad when a girl is born: By her the family sets no store. She bows and kneels countless times. She must humble herself even to the servants. Fu Xuan (217-278) Electoral Democracy, Capitalism and Reproductive Conflict The advent of democracy in Greece represented a fundamental change in this picture, in which the dominance of a single male leader prone to tyranny, became replaced by collective decision-making by a vote of the male bearers of arms defending a city state. This form of democracy was pure in the sense that all members of the civic aristocracy participated collectively in all significant decision-making. But the females would remain excluded from it for millennia to come. This development took place in a highly patriarchal culture where, despite the obvious resemblance of a womans children to their mother as much as their father, the Greeks thought of women as simply fertile ground to lay exclusively male seed. There are two terms representing the capacity of human fertility to engender offspring, neither of which captures its essential truth. To the Greeks it was procreation, rather than co-creation, implying it is the only the man who makes new life. Our scientific term reproduction is little better as it implies the offspring is a clonal reproduction of the parents, when each offspring is a unique genetic individual with half of each parents genes, recombined in ways which have never occurred before. Without sexual recombination, complex organisms could never have evolved. Sexuality, far from being a betrayal of Gods will, resulting in sinful mortality, is the most altruistic compromise in the entire history of conscious life. Rather than being parthenogenetic immortals, we exist as unique individuals whose biological fulfillment is to recombine, in fertility with our sexual partner, to create a new life form, merging aspects of each of our identities, in a new individual with their own autonomous will. In England we can trace to origin of collective government to 1066, when after the conquest of England, William of Normandy established a feudal system, by which he sought the advice of a council of tenants-in-chief (a person who held land) and ecclesiastics before making laws. In 1215, the tenants-in-chief secured the Magna Carta from King John, which established that the king may not levy or collect any new taxes, save with the consent of his royal council, which gradually developed into a parliament. From the 1400s England had an electoral franchise where only male property owners holding forty shillings or more could vote. After a suffragette campaign lasting from 1871, interrupted by the First World War, in 1918 a coalition government enfranchised women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications. In 1928, the Conservative government gave the vote to all women over the age of 21. France instituted universal male suffrage abolishing all property requirements to allow men to vote in 1792. Ironically woman didnt get the vote in France until 1945 and in Switzerland women gained the vote in 1971 and in cantonal elections in Appenzell, which still follows a form of pure democracy, only in 1990, underscoring how deep and long the association between patriarchal dominance and democracy has been. Fig 9: Introduction to quotThe Subjection of Womenquot John Stuart Mill 1869. With the advent of modern democracies. in social revolutions stemming from the end of the Dark Ages, the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment, with the rise of merchant middle classes in the Industrial Revolution, this pure form of democracy became too unwieldy for governing a large national population. Democracy became a two-headed monster, on the one hand collectively egalitarian on election day, and on the other an archetype for male reproductive combat for the overwhelming majority of the time. Pure democracy gave way to the growth of executive governments ruled by politicians elected by a select group of male landowners and taxpaying merchants, resulting in the growth of dominant political parties, and the rise of the two-party first past the post form of democracy. This form of two party politics became increasingly adversarial, with a major political divide between the collective socialist aims of the left, conflicting with the more hierarchical aims of the capitalist right as representative of elites, from the aristocracy to big business interests. Further to each side of the divide, we have totalitarian forms of dictatorship, from communism on the left, to fascism on the right. Adversarial two-party democracy in effect became a realization of male reproductive combat rather than an evolutionary genetic paradigm. Characteristic of adversarial democracy is tyranny of the majority, where politicians play into the hands of a dominant majority to effectively deny large minorities any consideration in the running of the country, disenfranchising up to 50 of the population, or more if gerrymandering enables the election of a government with the support of less than half the electorate. By reducing the genetic paradigm of long-term survival to the reproductive contests of male animals crossing horns, political democracy has divested itself of the evolutionary survival paradigm and become concerned only with the short term Prisoners Dilemma game of how to win the next election on a time scale of no more than 3 to 4 years, while doomed to coexist with its opponents to maintain a credible democratic system. Longer term considerations, such as climate change, global habitat destruction and the mass extinction of biodiversity become shelved in favour of short-term economic growth and populist issues which often play into a calculated social division perceived to further a given partys interests, such as law and order. A clear indication of how this has come to model male reproductive conflicts, in contradiction to the notion of an informed electorate, comes from studies which show that, no matter the sex of the politician, or the voter, those with lower voices, indicating greater testosterone-based male reproductive vitality, gain between 60 and 80 of the vote when equivalent issues and indicators of trustworthiness are expressed in voices of varying pitch ( Klofstad et al. 2018 Perceptions of Competence, Strength, and Age Influence Voters to Select Leaders with Lower-Pitched Voices doi:10.1371journal. pone.0133779.). There are various ways of modifying the adversarial two-party system, including a variety of voting paradigms, from MMP, or mixed member proportional, where each elector gets a party vote as well as a vote for a reduced number of direct candidates, sometimes with an arbitrary party threshold such as 5 of the vote, to STV, or single transferable vote, where losing votes are able to be transferred to more leading candidates on the elimination of clear losers. MMP in particular serves to aid smaller parties getting members into parliament and fosters more frequent coalition governments, but also invokes more back room arrangements, sometimes producing a government which is a result of smaller parties who hold the balance of power being able to apply influence which becomes unrepresentative of the electorate. Social reproductive themes also enter here because MMP promotes the growth of coalitions in a manner reminiscent of the contrast between alpha male hierarchical dominance and the female coalition building characterized by both bonobos and human females protecting their interests against patriarchally dominant hierarchies. In the US and some other countries there have been attempts to mitigate the instability of adversarial democracy by having up to three chambers of government such as the US Congress, Senate and President, but these systems simply tend to complicate the process without alleviating it and lead to a cumbersome top-heavy government prone to corruption and back-room lobbying. Further into the wings in either side of the political spectrum are other forms of government, including the one-party-states of communist and fascist governments. These sometimes mount a sham of election-holding but generally succumb to nepotistic government by a committee of cronies, or outright leadership by a dictator. While the West has taken centuries to unravel the connection between government and Christian religion to advance fundamental civil rights, many Muslim countries hanker after renewing the Caliphates stemming from the seventh century in a monolithic theocracy combining scripture (the Quran), the law ( sharia ) and the feudal state into one religious utopia, again of a totalitarian type. Such a system is designed to suppress all forms of dissent with concomitant lethal penalties such as death for apostasy. The Shiites of Iran, in protest against the historical unjustness of the Caliphs, have set up an alternative theocracy run by ayatollahs, fragmenting decision making into exclusive theological committees, whose powers ultimately flow to the supreme leader, rather than the elected president, effectively governing by force of a vigilante corps of republican guards. Winston Churchills comment quotIt has been said that democracy is the worst form of government, except all those others that have been triedquot stands as a reminder that, while electoral democracy is not ideal, it does hold the keys to our planetary future. Fig 10: Bestial conflict for alpha-male dominance between the Democrat donkey and the Republican elephant, while democracy plays chess with the devil of capitalism. Capitalism. as a financial investment complement to democracy is based on company law. In effect each company, which is a collective investment by the shareholders as a body corporate, forms a mini-democracy, with a general meeting of shareholders governed by a board of directors. Generally, like electoral democracy, this is complemented by an executive branch handling the day-to-day operations, governed by a CEO with a hierarchical line-management structure, accountable to the board as overall policy-maker. The end result is that capitalism is a fragmented set of electoral democracies, where the direction of operations is accountable solely to the shareholders, but neither to the national electorate, nor in general to the workers, nor indeed to the potential affected parties including consumers and anyone who might suffer collateral damage through accident or contamination as a result of company practices. All of the negative aspects of business-as-usual, both locally and globally, in terms of tragedy of the commons, and winner-take-all monopolization of resources, come down to the failure of company law to include a wider contract of responsibility, other than to regulation under the law and accountability to the shareholders. The need for commercial secrecy and the capacity of the executive branch to engage activities not even transparent to the shareholders underscores why and how business-as-usual can become a corrupt exploitative predatory process in society at large. In turn corporations strategically intervene in political democracy through lobbying, financing candidates and back room influence, so that democratic government is frequently corrupted by the fragmenting expedient forces of capitalism. Another key flaw in both company law and electoral democracy is that neither process is genetically cumulative. A company can thus exploit a resource, causing extensive collateral damage physically or financially, gain windfall profits and then dissolve its operations to take up a new activity completely unrelated to the previous one, or even declare bankruptcy and form a shell to be used for another purpose altogether. Companies are also highly prone to take-over, disrupting their strategies and rationalizing their resources. Highly successful operations are liable to be rapidly bought out by larger corporations to ensure their strategic dominance, and failing enterprises with negative liquidity are frequently taken over for asset-stripping. Under some older forms of company law the articles of association were complemented by a memorandum which did set out the activities the company was incorporated to pursue, but current legislation tends to have only a written constitution setting out the legal basis for the general meeting, board and executive branch to convene, giving the company nill genetic identity. Evolutionary stability is based on gradual cumulative genetic change. Neither electoral democracy nor company law thus pass the acid test for long-term viability as an evolutionarily stable strategy. This is the critical flaw that the world needs to solve for a viable planetary future. Medical Revolutions and the Divorce of Sexuality from Reproduction A further factor resulting in a disconnection from the cumulative genetic basis of human society has been the scientific revolution and its impact on human reproduction. Before the advent of the contraceptive pill sexuality was closely tied to the reproductive process. Having sex at all was a risky process for a woman, both because she could immediately become pregnant, and because the ongoing mores of traditional societies in almost all parts of the planet, outside a few matriarchal societies, frowned on a single woman becoming pregnant, and many had dire penalties for falling pregnant out of wedlock, such as honour killings. In ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, pregnancy prevention was generally seen as a womans responsibility, and the only well documented contraception methods were female-controlled devices, although women had discovered various means for avoiding pregnancy from herbal suppositories and douches to forms of physical intervention at great risk to the person. The idea of blocking the cervix to prevent pregnancy is thousands of years old. Various cultures have used cervix-shaped devices such as oiled paper cones or lemon halves, or have made sticky mixtures that include honey or cedar resin to be applied to the cervical opening. In the 1880s, a German gynecologist, published the first description of a rubber contraceptive device with a spring molded into the rim - the modern vaginal diaphragm Although glans - covering devices were used by the aristocracy in Asia before the 15th century. the first demographic record of population wide reproductive contraception occurred in 1666, when the English Birth Rate Commission attributed a recent downward fertility rate to use of quot condons quot. From at least the 18th century, condom use was opposed in some legal, religious, and medical circles for essentially the same reasons that are given today: condoms reduce the likelihood of pregnancy, which some thought immoral or undesirable for the nation they do not provide full protection against sexually transmitted infections, while belief in their protective powers was thought to encourage sexual promiscuity and, they are not used consistently due to inconvenience, expense, or loss of sensation. Fig 11: Casanova inflates a condom to ensure it is not perforated under the keenly anticipating eye of the prospective ladies (Wikipedia). However the pendulum swung back to women with the advent of the hormonal contraceptive pill and the entire reproductive paradigm changed almost overnight. Although the pill was first prescribed only to married women and they do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases, their advent occurring at the same time as rock and roll, and recreational drugs, from marijuana to LSD, unleashed an era of free love. People, and particularly young women could for the first time enjoy sex without having to worry that they would immediately get up the duff with a bun in the oven and have to seek an illegal abortion or endure a pregnancy amid ostracism by their families, and likely adoption. In the developed world, women who previously would have been assuming they would have a family and children by their early twenties, in a single generation began to seek life opportunities which didnt immediately tie them to the home, including academic and professional careers and occupations in senior management positions which meant they postponed pregnancy into their middle and late thirties. Suddenly medical science had to catch up with issues of maintaining fertility closer to menopause, including IVF and a host of reproductive technologies to keep fertility on hold such as frozen ovarian tissue. At the same time as women were newly able to avoid reproduction in developed countries, medical science including the advent of antibiotics was reducing the infant morality rate to a trickle and the spreading effect of better infant care in developing countries led to rapid population increases among population who either had religious doctrines advocating women producing children or cultures where women had traditionally needed to have as many children as possible both because of infant mortality and to provide more hands to help the family survive. Over the next fifty years, the world population was to rise precipitously to the 7.5 billion people we see in the world today, putting potentially unsustainable pressure on the worlds natural and non-renewable resource and habitable land. Attitudes to sexuality in the developed world changed from primarily revolving around reproduction and the family, to issues of civil rights. Sexual and reproductive choice now became purely a question of social sexuality between consenting adults, leading to a new social mores where same-sex relationships have largely gained equivalent status to traditional reproductive heterosexual relationships in laws which ban discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and have by degrees instituted civil unions and then gay marriages as legitimate equivalents of traditional marriage of a woman and a man. This has of course been met with consistent opposition from religious people and institutions, but in the West these objections have been largely set aside in the interests of civil rights. Fig 12: Left: Fertility rates in selected countries. Right: Fertility rates as a function of GDP per capita. Over this period reproduction rates in the developed world have fallen precipitously, so that in a wide swathe of countries, from Italy (1.43) and Germany (1.36) to Taiwan (0.9) Korea ( 1.19) and Japan (1.41), the reproduction rates have fallen far below the approximately 2.1 per 1000 women required to maintain the population at par in an era of medical science. Notably Italy and Japan both have inadequate provisions to support working and professional women having children. Contrast this with the US (2.06), and with UK (1.89) and Sweden (1.94) where there is adequate child care provisions for working women, with somewhat higher values in Muslim countries with an ethos of reproduction, Indonesia (2.6), Egypt (3.5) and Gaza (4.24) where Muslim populations are exhorted to reproduce, and in Africa, where populations have traditionally depended on a high fertility rate to survive, Mali (6.1) and Niger (6.6). Each medical advance in reproductive technology has come with potentially global side effects. The advent of ultrasound and genetic tests which can determine the sex of a baby currently able to tell the sex 7 weeks after conception, has resulted in countless girl children aborted in India and China, both of which have a serious gender imbalance due to cultural factors which favour a boy child. Worldwide, the average sex ratio at birth is about 105 male births to every 100 female births. This compensates for a higher death rate in males from accident, homicide and disease common in mammal species, but in some age groups in areas of India and China the number exceeds 120. In patriarchal societies, high born sons have strategic reproductive advantage, so boys are favoured. Low born families attempt to marry their daughters up by forming an arranged marriage with a higher status familys son in a pattern called hypergamy. In India this has resulted in a brides family having to pay a dowry to the bridegroom, his parents, or his relatives as a condition of the marriage, giving girls of low born families a crippling disadvantage and resulting in dowry deaths, deaths of young women who are murdered, typically by bride burning, or driven to suicide by continuous harassment and torture by husbands and in-laws in an effort to extort an increased dowry. In Muslim societies the situation is reversed and the groom pays a mahr () to the bride to compansate her before sexual intercourse occurs, as a bride price. This has the effect of making the bride a chattel of the husband. Hence Muslim men can divorce their wives simply by saying quotI divorce youquot three times - quot talaq talaq talaq. quot In China a bride price of gifts to be bestowed to the brides family also made the woman a possession of the man, although occasionally a dowry of clothing, furniture, or jewelry from the family of the bride was also given her for use in her new home. Fig 13: Millions of girl children are estimated to have been killed since the advent of pre-natal sex-determination determination and the situation is clearly getting worse rather then better. In India, cultural preferences stemming from the caste system, hypergamy and the female dowry have led people to favour sons across the board, leading to a surplus of males. In China there are 117 boys under 15 and in some age groups 122 boys for every 100 girls, consistent with 12-17 of all girls being killed at or before birth. In a study of clinics in Bombay, of 8,000 abortions, 7,997 were of female foetuses. leading to a move to ban ultra-sound for sexual differentiation. India has an under 15 sex ratio of 113 boys to 100 girls, with rates in Haryana and the Punjab rising to 126 and 135, consistent with 8 nationally and up to 30 female infanticide rate in the North West. Globally, 163 million girls have gone quotmissingquot from the worlds population due to sex selective abortions in the last thirty years, according to the calculations of Mara Hvistendahl, author of quotUnnatural Selectionquot, resulting in men being unable to find sexual partners, and human trafficking of brides e. g. from countries neighbouring China. At the same time Caesarian section rates have soared across the developed world far beyond the levels consistent with surgical need for the health of the mother or offspring and safe limits to ensure future human reproductive viability. In some countries less than half women are delivering naturally leading to questions over the future viability of the human race, where mothers have traditionally had a high death rate, because of delivering a large human infants head. Fig 14: Left: Emergency and total Caesarian rates in selected countries with infant mortalities. Right: WHO 2018 survey of C-section rates with infant mortality rates shows two distinct phenomena, with newly developing countries having C-section rates below 10 and increasing C-section rates correlating strongly with reductions in infant mortality (-0.65) while developed countries have widely varying C-section rates which overall have a low correlation (0.14) with increasing infant mortality due to the greater risks of the procedure over natural birth. Compare the right hand chart with the previous fertility and GNP chart. Within Europe C-section rates vary between a low of 16.8 in Finland and a high of 52.2 in Cyprus. In Brazil over 50 of live births are now by C-section with 85 in private hospitals. In mid 2018 new rules have come into force there aimed at reducing the countrys high number of caesarean births. Experts say that a scarcity of maternity beds and wards equipped to deal with natural births means that for many women in Brazil, caesarean birth is seen as the best option. In Brazils body-conscious culture, where there is little information given about childbirth, there is also huge concern that natural birth can make women sexually unattractive. In a similar vein Mexico has stopped offering free baby formula in hospitals where only one in seven mothers breastfeed exclusively during the babys first six months in a country where drinking water is often contaminated. In vitro fertilization (IVF) and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) have become key reproductive breakthroughs to enable childless couples to become fertile and have a family, but they also have led to collateral implications. Many women are currently leaving having their first child so late that they need IVF, when had they had a child in their twenties it could have happened naturally. IVF has been accompanied by increased rates of birth defects from 6.6 to 9, although those developing normally do as well or even slightly better than natural conceptions for intelligence, possibly because the IVF parents come from a higher achieving population to start with. There are also questions over the ability of the offspring or their descendents to have children naturally, when IVF is accompanied by intra - cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) used when prospective fathers dont have adequately motile sperm, where several imprinting and other anomalies associated with birth defects have also been discovered. IVF has also resulted in an epidemic of multiple births due to the hormonal treatments, leading to issues of fetal growth and post-natal development. Egg - doning and harvesting immature eggs can lead to chromosomal and other genetic defects, although these and other similar issues can be reduced with improved genetic testing techniques. Three-parent embryos have also been generated using a third partys mitochondria to overcome mitochondrial insufficiency diseases in offspring raising further genetic questions. The failure of women to reproduce early enough has also led to a spectrum of new reproductive technologies, including freezing ovarian tissue to keep, to be re-transplanted in mid life when a woman feels she has the time to conceive. We are also seeing womb transplants, and reproductive technology seeking to enable men to produce eggs or women to produce sperm, so that people of any sexual orientation can reproduce. The implications of this are a divestment of our intrinsic sexual complementarity. in favour of a technological android uniformity. Fig 15: Left: Twin infant macaques whose genomes were modified within three different genes: one that regulates metabolism, another that regulates immune cell development and a third that regulates stem cells and sex determination. The Chinese researchers injected single-cell macaque embryos with CRISPR RNAs. Center: The potential barriers of sexual imprinting have already have been breached with the successful production of mice born without fathers through manipulation of oocyte imprinting, one raised to adulthood and bearing live offspring. Right: Using stem cells, a Japanese team has created healthy eggs that, once fertilised. grow into normal mouse pups. The advent of CRISPR technology. which can make relatively precise changes in given genes has inaugurated an expectation that couples will soon be able to genetically edit the genome of their potential offspring to enhance desirable and remove undesirable traits. While inherited genetic conditions like cystic fibrosis. muscular dystrophies or Tay - Sachs syndrome can already be avoided by genetic testing combined with IVF, the possibility of genetic editing at will presents a fundamental challenge to the entire evolutionary paradigm of the human species. Because gene regulatory systems are highly interactive and many trait come from a combined effects of many genes, it is almost impossible to know when you try to change one characteristic that it wont have a covert affect on another. For example editing to avoid schizophrenia might adversely affect intellectual creativity. There is a eugenic risk that seemingly undesirable characteristics, from same sex orientation, to social dissent, might be edited out by utopian cultures aiming to create a brave new world. Genetic cloning could become an irresistible temptation in some societies, leading to technological dystopias liable to catastrophic failure through a computational error, or an accumulation of irreversible changes, later leading to loss of natural vitality and resilience. The fecundity of the biosphere results from the fact that it is a data cloud of genetic algorithms independently computing in parallel through reproduction, cross-fertilization and evolution in every individual organism, from a virus particle to a human organism. The genetic diversity and algorithmic computation rate through mutation of the worlds bacteria is orders of magnitude higher than our own which nevertheless exceeds that of the worlds fastest supercomputer. To give a very rough idea of the computing power of the combined bacterial genome alone, taking into account bacterial soil densities ( 10 9 g), effective surface area ( 10 18 cm 2 ), genome sizes ( 10 6 ), combined reproduction and mutation rates ( 10 -3 s) gives a combined presentation rate of new combinations of up to 10 30 bits per second, roughly 10 12 times greater than the current fastest computer at 33 petaflops or about 10 17 bit ops per second. Corresponding rates for complex life forms would be much lower, at around 10 17 per second because they are fewer in total number and have lower reproduction rates, but they are still vying with the computation rates of the fastest supercomputers on earth. An even higher figure has been given by Ladenmark et al. (doi:10.1371journal. pbio.1002168.t001). Using information on the typical mass per cell for each domain and group and the genome size, estimate the total amount of DNA in the biosphere to be 5.3 x 10 31 (3.6 x 10 31 ) megabases (Mb) of DNA (Table 1). This quantity corresponds to approximately 5 x 10 10 tonnes of DNA, assuming that 978 Mb of DNA is equivalent to one picogram. Assuming the commonly used density for DNA of 1.7 gcm 3. then this DNA is equivalent to the volume of approximately 1 billion standard (6.1 x 2.44 x 2.44 m) shipping containers. The DNA is incorporated within approximately 2 x 10 12 tonnes of biomass and approximately 5 x 10 30 living cells, the latter dominated by prokaryotes. By analogy, it would require 10 21 computers with the mean storage capacity of the worlds four most powerful supercomputers (Tianhe-2, Titan, Sequoia, and K computer) to store this information. If all the DNA in the biosphere was being transcribed at reported rates, taking an estimated transcription rate of 30 bases per second, then the potential computational power of the biosphere would be approximately 10 15 yottaNOPS (yotta 10 24 ), about 10 22 times more processing power than the Tianhe-2 supercomputer, which has a processing power of 33.86 peta flops on the order of 10 5 teraFLOPS (tera 10 12 ). Religion, Fertility, Migration and the Planetary Future An outstanding feature of monotheistic religions is the command to go forth and multiply. Islam and Christianity in particular have an ongoing pattern of maintaining reproduction of the faithful with the avowed intention of populating the planet to fulfill their utopian destinies of world dominion. Contrasting with this, non-religious or unaffiliated people tend to respond more to social circumstances, including a world that is increasingly overpopulated, thus reducing their fertility, both for ethical reasons and to pursue other creative avenues and professional careers. This raises a fundamental question of futures. If established religions continue to sponsor high fertility rates, how will the worlds population look in 2050 or 2100 and how will this affect the worlds capacity to address its long-term survival Of all the religions, Islam has the highest fertility rate of 3.1, followed by Christians 2.7 Hindus and Jews around 2.4, just below the world average of 2.5, with all other groups including Buddhists and unaffiliated well below replacement rates at around 1.7. Thus between 2018 and 2050 the world Muslim population is expected to grow by 73 while the Christian population will grow by only 35 due to lower fertility and higher switching out, while the unaffiliated will grow by only 9 and the number of Buddhists, who have a philosophy of physical renunciation, will actually shrink by 3. Even in sub-Saharan Africa, where fertility rates are the highest, the Muslim rate of 5.6 is in irresponsible, self-serving excess of the total very high rate of 4.8. Fig 16: (Left) World fertility rates by religion. (Right) Muslim and total fertility rates by region (Pew). Given laws of exponential growth, if there is no change in these circumstances, over time this will result in eventual domination of the world population by Muslims, and the unaffiliated will increasingly become a small ineffective minority. The Pew research does predict a small decline in Muslim fertility consistent with falling fertility rates being a function of development, but not enough to alter the overall trends. Given the difficulty desert religions have respecting the natural world and the need to preserve natural life as a sacred process, this specter gives cause for concern. Although it is reassuring that Christian leaders including both the current Catholic Pope, in a major encyclical quotOn Care for our Common Homequot, and a day later the Anglicans in the quotLambeth Declaration on Climate Changequot and two months later a group of Muslim scholars in the quot Islamic Declaration on Global Climate Changequot have in 2018 put forward moral positions that seek to reduce, or terminate the use of fossil fuels, and to act to preserve the natural biosphere and its living diversity. This is particularly relevant for Muslim countries, which are divided between big oil producers and emitters such as Saudi Arabia and Indonesia and those threatened by rising oceans such as Bangla Desh and areas of Pakistan. However these recommendations clearly do not extend to responsible measures for population control on the part of either religion. This raises the question whether the world needs a new ethical covenant that can embrace all humanity, religious and non-religious alike, based on the needs to balance population and fertility between competing religious followings and the unaffiliated, and to cherish and replenish the Earth and safeguard our evolutionary future. Bearing in mind many Christians, despite living in the scientific age, still tend to reject the scientific evidence for evolution and cling to the sabbatical creation of Genesis as gospel truth, even though it charmingly, but impossibly, creates the plants before the Sun and Moon, in the guise of creationism and its phoenix love-child intelligent design, it is difficult to see how these differing views of the universe and our role in it can be realized without a day of reckoning on the part of Christian fundamentalism. Fig 17: Predictions of the population changes between 2018 and 2050 (Pew Research Institute) show the largest growth will be among Muslims, followed by Christians. The Muslim population worldwide will overtake the Christian population by a small margin due to higher fertility rates. Unaffiliated will shrink worldwide indicating a growth of religious believers despite the scientific age partly due to low fertility rates, compensated for by switching from Christian to unaffiliated. Muslims will however remain in a clear minority in every region except their home territory of the Middle East and North Africa, although they will grow to form a substantial minority of Sub-Saharan Africa, and if migration from the Middle East continues to escalate, possibly in Europe (Pew). To get a picture of the potential future through to 2050 in terms of world population and religious following, the Pew Research Center has published a prospective study ( quotThe Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2018-2050quot pewforum. orgfiles201803PF15.04.02ProjectionsFullReport. pdf). In fig 17 is shown the global prediction for religious following in 2050. While Islam will be just overtaking Christianity at around 30, the worldshare of the unaffiliated, including non-religious, has shrunk and would have shrunk even further had not there been a degree of switching from Christianity to unaffiliated to compensate for the low unaffiliated fertility rate. One should also note that switching rates out of Islam are much lower than for Christianity, because Islam invokes the death penalty for apostasy. In considering ethical questions of freedom of religion as a constitutional right, one could ask whether religions should also be required by the societies in which they are embedded to respect universal values of freedom of belief and worship as part of coming to terms with the closing circle of a finite planet. Nevertheless, at least through to 2050, the predictions suggest that Islam will remain a minority, albeit growing religion in all regions of the planet except for the Muslim heartland of the Middle East and North Africa, although both sub-Saharan Africa and Europe may find Muslim minorities reaching a critical level in terms of maintaining existing cultures in a non-violent atmosphere. Fig 18: Population changes 2018 - 2050 in Europe and North America by religion. World percentage changes in population by religion. Fertility rates in Europe by religion and comparisons of he Muslim and national fertility rates in selected European countries. Predictions of Muslim populations in selected European countries both with and without migration based on 2018 estimates. The effect of an effective doubling of the Muslim migration rate due to refugees from war in the Middle East is included to account the 175 increase in such migration between 2018 and 2018 (Pew). To elucidate the situation in more detail, fig 18 examines the predicted population changes in Europe and North America to assess the impact of changing Muslim and Christian populations on the future of Western culture. In Europe, Muslim fertility rates are significantly higher than the national average and in Norway and Finland exceed the worldwide Muslim average, but in Europe the contribution from migration is larger than that due to fertility alone. Taken together these imply that the Muslim population of Europe as a whole will grow from around 5 to 10 between 2018 and 2050, but this figure could become higher due to the steep rises in refugee migration, which has climbed by 175 or 2.75 times the 2018 level in 2018. If the Pew prediction based on 2018 rates were to double, this would carry the Muslim population of Europe to around 12, with some countries such as Sweden experiencing even more rapid increases partly due to their lower population density. The picture in North America differs in that, as of 2018, the Muslim population only accounted for one percent of the whole and the Christian population is predicted to grow even larger, underlying that in the US, Christian fundamentalism is more of a concern for establishing viable future policies to protect the living planet. Latin America likewise has almost exclusively Christian influences to contend with, exemplified in attitudes to contraception (which however do not seem to be seriously affecting fertility rates there) and abortion even when the health of the mother is at stake or the child is known to have serious fetal abnormalities. Running the simulation out to 2100, to keep our study comparable with the predictions of figs 1 and 3, on the basis that relative fertility rates remain stable but absolute rates fall across the board in line with the predicted trends of fig 3, we would arrive at the picture in fig 19. Muslims now form around 35 of a world population of 11.5 billion, while Christians represent 31, athough their very different regional distributions will mean they retain their traditional spheres of influence. Europe would have around 14.4 Muslims, or around 17.5 if migration if war in the Middle east doubles the Pew 2018 estimates, as it seems to be currently, but North America only 4. Unaffiliated would have fallen to a strategically eclipsed 11 from 16 at present, but grow from 25 at present in North America to 33 and in Europe from 15 to 27, making both major centers of Western Culture more secular than at present due to switching. However sub-Saharan Africa would have a continent-wide Muslim population of 38, which could see several African countries, including Nigeria and potentially Tanzania becoming Muslim majority. Fig 19: World religion populations predicted to 2100 to coincide with the predictions of figs 1 and 3, generated by extrapolating the trends of fig 18 using the fertility rates from fig 4 on the basis of steady relative rates. Neither religions, nor totalitarian hegemonies, nor electoral democracy, nor venture capitalism are well suited to engendering long-term future strategies and concerted human action to ensure the major global problems of population, poverty, climate change, habitat destruction, and loss of species and genetic diversity, let alone demilitarization and world peace, are addressed, because political, religious and commercial and investment paradigms lack the cumulative genetic evolutionary principles on which the stability of the Earth and its biosphere have depended throughout its 3.5 billion year lifetime. While the world is clearly entering a phase of deleterious eco-crisis and over-population, which will stress available food and energy resources, and threaten natural habitats disrupted for agricultural and farming, as well as mining and exploitation of natural resources, the worlds major religions are continuing to apply self-interest to endeavour to achieve demographic ascendency on a global footing, while at the same time asserting absolute edicts and prescribing archaic scriptural assertions as revealed truths which are wholly inconsistent with the evolutionary realities of the human species and detrimental to our future survival. We urgently need to invest in ethical, social and political processes that respect the passage of the generations, and the genetic and fertility principles upon which conscious life depends. We need to invest in forms of government and decision-making which contain cumulative principles which will both generate a capacity to value long-term investment for the future of life and enable social change and cultural evolution to have a truly genetic character, as effective for long-term stability and survival as molecular genetics are. All people and particularly unaffiliated and non-religious people, need to respect that fertility is a sacred process through which we all become conscious beings, that childbirth is an essential component of the passage of the generations and that, even in an era of overpopulation, we cant afford to leave producing the next generation to others in the name of prescriptive religions, and the unintelligent forces of social dereliction, and material disadvantage. Central to this is protecting the rights of women to reproductive, social and educational choice and providing adequate social, financial and contractual employment provisions to enable women to have children without compromising their professional or entrepreneurial careers. We all have a responsibility as members of the human race to ensure, through our own fertility, that the human species prospers genetically and continues to flower in intelligence, compassion and consciousness, through those who have the capacity and insight to make the world a better place, also taking responsibility to ensure they produce sufficient offspring to enable the next generation do the same. This is the ultimate test and end point of the scientific revolution, and is the fulfillment of the sense of living purpose religious traditions try to lay exclusive claim to, in which an ethic of living diversity and its protection must needs emerge and assert a natural morality for justice to prevail. Science has provided us with the knowledge to understand, in confounding detail, overthrowing all our preconceived assumptions, how the natural processes in the universe actually work and come together to enable the continuity of life. It is now up to us to engender a moral and ethical movement that can function to cherish and replenish the Earth throughout our generations to come. Can animals be gay Animals Do It, So It039s Natural, Right The reasoning behind the animal homosexuality theory can be summed up as follows: - Homosexual behavior is observable in animals. - Animal behavior is determined by their instincts. - Nature requires animals to follow their instincts. - Therefore, homosexuality is in accordance with animal nature. - Since man is also animal, homosexuality must also be in accordance with human nature. This line of reasoning is unsustainable. If seemingly quothomosexualquot acts among animals are in accordance with animal nature, then parental killing of offspring and intra-species devouring are also in accordance with animal nature. Bringing man into the equation complicates things further. Are we to conclude that filicide and cannibalism are according to human nature In opposition to this line of reasoning, this article sustains that: There is no quothomosexual instinctquot in animals, It is poor science to quotreadquot human motivations and sentiments into animal behavior, and Irrational animal behavior is not a yardstick to determine what is morally acceptable behavior for rational man. There Is No quotHomosexual Instinctquot In Animals Anyone engaged in the most elementary animal observation is forced to conclude that animal quothomosexuality, quot quotfilicidequot and quotcannibalismquot are exceptions to normal animal behavior. Consequently, they cannot be called animal instincts. These observable exceptions to normal animal behavior result from factors beyond their instincts. -- Clashing Stimuli and Confused Animal Instincts To explain this abnormal behavior, the first observation must be the fact that animal instincts are not bound by the absolute determinism of the physical laws governing the mineral world. In varying degrees, all living beings can adapt to circumstances. They respond to internal or external stimuli. Second, animal cognition is purely sensorial, limited to sound, odor, touch, taste and image. Thus, animals lack the precision and clarity of human intellectual perception. Therefore, animals frequently confuse one sensation with another or one object with another. Third, an animal039s instincts direct it towards its end and are in accordance with its nature. However, the spontaneous thrust of the instinctive impulse can suffer modifications as it runs its course. Other sensorial images, perceptions or memories can act as new stimuli affecting the animal039s behavior. Moreover, the conflict between two or more instincts can sometimes modify the original impulse. In man, when two instinctive reactions clash, the intellect determines the best course to follow, and the will then holds one instinct in check while encouraging the other. With animals that lack intellect and will, when two instinctive impulses clash, the one most favored by circumstances prevails.4 At times, these internal or external stimuli affecting an animal039s instinctive impulses result in cases of animal quotfilicide, quot quotcannibalismquot and quothomosexuality. quot -- Animal quotFilicidequot and quotCannibalismquot Sarah Hartwell explains that tomcats kill their kittens after receiving quotmixed signalsquot from their instincts: Most female cats can switch between quotplay modequot and quothunt modequot in order not to harm their offspring. In tomcats this switching off of quothunt modequot may be incomplete and, when they become highly aroused through play, the quothuntingquot instinct comes into force and they may kill the kittens. The hunting instinct is so strong, and so hard to switch off when prey is present, that dismemberment and even eating of the kitten may ensue. Compare the size, sound and activity of kittens with the size, sound and activity of prey. They are both small, have high-pitched voices and move with fast, erratic movements. All of these trigger hunting behavior. In the tomcat, maternal behavior cannot always override hunting behavior and he treats the kittens in exactly the same way he would treat small prey. His instincts are confused.5 Regarding animal cannibalism, the Iran Nature and Wildlife Magazine notes: Cannibalism is most common among lower vertebrates and invertebrates, often due to a predatory animal mistaking one of its own kind for prey. But it also occurs among birds and mammals, especially when food is scarce.6 -- Animals Lack the Means to Express Their Affective States To stimuli and clashing instincts, however, we must add another factor: In expressing its affective states, an animal is radically inferior to man. Since animals lack reason, their means of expressing their affective states (fear, pleasure, pain, desire, etc.) are limited. Animals lack the rich resources at man039s disposal to express his sentiments. Man can adapt his way of talking, writing, gazing, gesturing in untold ways. Animals cannot. Consequently, animals often express their affective states ambiguously. They quotborrow, quot so to speak, the manifestations of the instinct of reproduction to manifest the instincts of dominance, aggressiveness, fear, gregariousness and so on. -- Explaining Seemingly quotHomosexualquot Animal Behavior Bonobos are a typical example of this quotborrowing. quot These primates from the chimpanzee family engage in seemingly sexual behavior to express acceptance and other affective states. Thus, Frans B. M. de Waal, who spent hundreds of hours observing and filming bonobos, says: There are two reasons to believe sexual activity is the bonobo039s answer to avoiding conflict. First, anything, not just food, that arouses the interest of more than one bonobo at a time tends to result in sexual contact. If two bonobos approach a cardboard box thrown into their enclosure, they will briefly mount each other before playing with the box. Such situations lead to squabbles in most other species. But bonobos are quite tolerant, perhaps because they use sex to divert attention and to diffuse tension. Second, bonobo sex often occurs in aggressive contexts totally unrelated to food. A jealous male might chase another away from a female, after which the two males reunite and engage in scrotal rubbing. Or after a female hits a juvenile, the latter039s mother may lunge at the aggressor, an action that is immediately followed by genital rubbing between the two adults.7 Like bonobos, other animals will mount another of the same sex and engage in seemingly quothomosexualquot behavior, although their motivation may differ. Dogs, for example, usually do so to express dominance. Cesar Ades, ethologist and professor of psychology at the University of So Paulo, Brazil, explains, quotWhen two males mate, what is present is a demonstration of power, not sex. quot8 Jacque Lynn Schultz, ASPCA Animal Sciences Director of Special Projects, explains further: Usually, an un-neutered male dog will mount another male dog as a display of social dominance--in other words, as a way of letting the other dog know who039s boss. While not as frequent, a female dog may mount for the same reason.9 Dogs will also mount one another because of the vehemence of their purely chemical reaction to the smell of an estrus female: Not surprisingly, the smell of a female dog in heat can instigate a frenzy of mounting behaviors. Even other females who are not in heat will mount those who are. Males will mount males who have just been with estrus females if they still bear their scent. And males who catch wind of the estrus odor may mount the first thing (or unlucky person) they come into contact with.10 Other animals engage in seemingly quothomosexualquot behavior because they fail to identify the other sex properly. The lower the species in the animal kingdom, the more tenuous and difficult to detect are the differences between sexes, leading to more frequent confusion. -- quotHomosexualquot Animals Do Not Exist In 1996, homosexual scientist Simon LeVay admitted that the evidence pointed to isolated acts, not to homosexuality: Although homosexual behavior is very common in the animal world, it seems to be very uncommon that individual animals have a long-lasting predisposition to engage in such behavior to the exclusion of heterosexual activities. Thus, a homosexual orientation, if one can speak of such thing in animals, seems to be a rarity.11 Despite the quothomosexualquot appearances of some animal behavior, this behavior does not stem from a quothomosexualquot instinct that is part of animal nature. Dr. Antonio Pardo, Professor of Bioethics at the University of Navarre, Spain, explains: Properly speaking, homosexuality does not exist among animals. For reasons of survival, the reproductive instinct among animals is always directed towards an individual of the opposite sex. Therefore, an animal can never be homosexual as such. Nevertheless, the interaction of other instincts (particularly dominance) can result in behavior that appears to be homosexual. Such behavior cannot be equated with an animal homosexuality. All it means is that animal sexual behavior encompasses aspects beyond that of reproduction.12 It Is Unscientific To quotReadquot Human Motivation And Sentiment Into Animal Behavior Like many animal rights activists, homosexual activists often quotreadquot human motivation and sentiment into animal behavior. While this anthropopathic approach enjoys full citizenship in the realms of art, literature, and mythology it makes for poor science. Dr. Charles Socarides of the National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) observes: